Development of Dispersion Models for the Simulation of Fluid Catalytic Cracking of Vacuum Gas Oil in Riser Reactor

A Review on Lumped-Kinetic Modelling Methodologies for an industrial FCCU - riser reactor for catalytic cracking

“…For this, we assume simple ideal gas law to describe the vapor phase density. 55 Now as said previously, Also to keep the calculations simplified, a representative constant value for the viscosity of the reaction mixture is assumed 9,40 . The Pressure drop is estimated by the fluid static equation, that is here we consider only the pressure drop due to the hydrostatic head loss 50,55 :…”

“…The FCC essentially is a secondary type of refining process 6 used primarily for conversion of high molecular mass as well less volatile fractions with a higher boiling point to higher value-added products with higher volatility , lower molecular mass fractions such as petrol, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), volatile alkanes in gaseous form, diesel, and some other products 7 , and is known to be one of the most extensive heterogeneous catalytic operation in the wide diaspora of catalytic processes in the chemical industry 8 . FCCU is often called the "cash cow" of all refining operations 9 . What makes the FCC process unique is the robustness of the process which can that can catalytically convert feeds of different material origins and chemical compositions 10 like vacuum oils, residual oils, crude oil, scrap tires, pyrolysis oil, LDPE waste, Biomass-based oils, natural terpenes in the form of oils into value-added automobile and transportation fuels and light olefins needed for the pharmaceutical and petrochemical industry 11 and thus form the basis of novel and innovative petrochemical technologies.…”

Solid Catalyst Alkylation of C2–C3 Olefins with Isobutane in the Presence of Hydrogen Using a Slurry Transport Reactor–Hydrocyclone–Regenerator System and PtSO4TiZr/SiO2 Catalyst: Part 2. Regeneration of Spent Catalysts in Pilot Plants and a Simulation of a Fluidized Bed Reactor

“…There is extensive literature − concerning the design, control, simulation, and optimization of FCC regenerator, which had evolved due to many challenges brought about by environmental regulations, product-quality demands, and economics. They will be used as references here despite differences in operating conditions and fluid dynamic between hydrogen-regenerator (∼543 K, 1.4 MPa) and air-regenerator used in FCC (∼1000K, 0.241 MPa) .…”

“…They will be used as references here despite differences in operating conditions and fluid dynamic between hydrogen-regenerator (∼543 K, 1.4 MPa) and air-regenerator used in FCC (∼1000K, 0.241 MPa) . FBRs are divided into three reactions regions for simulation; they are named: bubbles, freeboard and “dense region” . Most of the models proposed for catalyst regeneration focus on the gas-dense region (i.e., the two-phase model); − there are several models that describe the behavior of emulsion phase − considering two or several compartments (CSTR) in series.…”

“…13 FBRs are divided into three reactions regions for simulation; they are named: bubbles, freeboard and "dense region". 14 Most of the models proposed for catalyst regeneration focus on the gas-dense region (i.e., the two-phase model); 15−17 there are several models that describe the behavior of emulsion phase 18−20 considering two or several compartments (CSTR) in series. Kunii and Levenspiel 21 also include a third phase, the cloud, in modeling the FBR.…”