Development of fatty acid analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and related techniques

Brondz, Ilia

doi:10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01467-2

Cited by 166 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 407 publications

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“…Fatty acids (FAs) are one of the families in a broad array of substances called li- [5]. Different approaches to extraction of lipids, free fatty acids (FFAs), and carboxylic acids have been described in [6] [7] [8].…”

Section: Extraction Of Lipids and Fatty Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Classification of substances that belong to lipids is not uniform [3] [4] [5]. However, lipids can be mainly divided into those that can be saponified and those that cannot be saponified by their ability to react with bases and water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reverse reaction is esterification and proceeds in a water-free environment in the presence of alcohol. It has been catalyzed by +H, cations of different metals, and nonmetallic specimens [5] ( Figure 2). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Modifiers, Extractants, and Trappers on Lipid Composition with Liquids in Standard State Extraction, Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Trapping by Supercritical Fluid Extraction, Part II

Brondz¹

2017

IJAMSC

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Modifiers have a broad array of influences on extraction with liquids in standard state, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), trapping by SFE and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). They can significantly change the qualitative and quantitative results. Quantitative and qualitative results can be influenced by different extractants and modifiers in different ways as it was shown by Brondz et al. at 2007 in "The real nature of the indole alkaloids in Cortinarius infractus: Evaluation of artifact formation through solvent extraction method development", J. Chromatography A, 1148, 1-7. The choice of correct extractant, modifier, and trapper to the bulk mobile phase for supercritical fluids (SFs) or for liquids in subcritical or in the liquids in standard state is a challenge in any extraction procedure. This is the second paper in a sequence that describes the influence of extractants and modifiers on the performance of SFs and results of extraction with liquids in standard state and SFE. Here, attention is given to possible mistakes in qualitative and quantitative results by poor understanding of the influence of extractants, modifiers, and trappers on extraction and trapping process by a careless choice of extractant, modifier, and trapper for extraction with liquids in standard state and SFE. The SF chosen for discussion in the paper is CO 2 . However, similar effects can be observed with use of other SFs and fluids in subcritical and standard states. In this paper, the discussion of lipids, fatty and carboxylic acids have been chosen as target analytes for extraction, trapping and analysis. Some examples from extraction with liquids in the standard state and trapping in the supercritical state (collection) have been furnished with the wrong extractant, modifier, or trap-

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Section: Extraction Of Lipids and Fatty Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Modifiers, Extractants, and Trappers on Lipid Composition with Liquids in Standard State Extraction, Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Trapping by Supercritical Fluid Extraction, Part II

Brondz¹

2017

IJAMSC

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“…[3][4][5] It requires saponification of sample to release fatty acid from lipid forms and derivatization to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) forms. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system has been also used for the fatty acid analysis, but it also requires phenacyl derivatization to improve chromatographic retention and separation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system has been also used for the fatty acid analysis, but it also requires phenacyl derivatization to improve chromatographic retention and separation. 5,6 Later, LC/MS was also applied for the fatty acid analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Essential Fatty Acids in Food Supplemental Oil Products

Ahn¹,

Yim²,

Kim³

2013

Mass Spectrometry Letters

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A gas chromatography/ mass spectrometric (GC/MS) method was developed as a candidate reference method for the accurate determination of essential fatty acids (linoleic acid, α-and γ-linolenic acids) in food supplemental oil products. Samples were spiked with three internal standards (stearic acid-d 35 , 13C 18 -linoleic acid, and 13C 18 -α-linolenic acid). Samples were then subject to saponification, derivatization for methylation, and extraction by organic solvent. For GC/MS measurement, an Agilent HP-88 column, designed for the separation of fatty acid methyl esters, was selected after comparing with other columns as it provided better separation for target analytes. Target analytes and internal standards were detected by selected ion monitoring of molecular ions of their methyl ester forms. The GC/MS method was applied for the measurement of three botanical oils in NIST SRM 3274 (borage oil, evening primrose oil, and flax oil), and measurement results agreed with the certified values. Measurement results for target analytes which have corresponding isotope-labeled analogues as internal standard were calculated based on isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) approach, and compared with results calculated by using the other two internal standards. Results from the IDMS approach and the typical internal standard approach were in good agreement within their measurement uncertainties. It proves that the developed GC/MS method can provide similar metrological quality with IDMS methods for the measurement of fatty acids in natural oil samples if a proper fatty acid is used as an internal standard.

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Supercritical Fluids

Tomasko¹,

Guo²

2006

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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A supercritical fluid is characterized as a gas that is pressurized and heated to a compressed fluid state, which is above both the critical pressure and temperature. In this state, density and subsequently solvent strength and transport properties are highly adjustable by modest changes in temperature and pressure. Complex phase behavior and interactions with materials can occur. This behavior can be examined experimentally and described successfully by molecular thermodynamics. Carbon dioxide and water are two substances used frequently as supercritical fluids. The former, which may be used independently or in the presence of various cosolvents, is predominantly used because of its environmentally benign nature and low cost. The latter is used because of its efficiency in destroying hazardous aqueous pollutants and hydrothermal synthesis. Numerous supercritical fluid processes have been commercialized, including coffee and tea decaffeination, supercritical water oxidation, and supercritical fluid chromatography. Process research and development involving supercritical fluids are progressing in many diverse areas, including extraction, membrane filtration, polymerization, particle formation, cleaning and drying, and applications in microelectronic engineering.

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Development of fatty acid analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and related techniques

Cited by 166 publications

References 407 publications

Influence of Modifiers, Extractants, and Trappers on Lipid Composition with Liquids in Standard State Extraction, Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Trapping by Supercritical Fluid Extraction, Part II

Influence of Modifiers, Extractants, and Trappers on Lipid Composition with Liquids in Standard State Extraction, Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Trapping by Supercritical Fluid Extraction, Part II

Development of Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Essential Fatty Acids in Food Supplemental Oil Products

Supercritical Fluids

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