Development of Fish Parasite Vaccines in the OMICs Era: Progress and Opportunities

Abstract

Globally, parasites are increasingly being recognized as catastrophic agents in both aquaculture sector and in the wild aquatic habitats leading to an estimated annual loss between 1.05 billion and 9.58 billion USD. The currently available therapeutic and control measures are accompanied by many limitations. Hence, vaccines are recommended as the “only green and effective solution” to address these concerns and protect fish from pathogens. However, vaccine development warrants a better understanding of host–parasite interaction and parasite biology. Currently, only one commercial parasite vaccine is available against the ectoparasite sea lice. Additionally, only a few trials have reported potential vaccine candidates against endoparasites. Transcriptome, genome, and proteomic data at present are available only for a limited number of aquatic parasites. Omics-based interventions can be significant in the identification of suitable vaccine candidates, finally leading to the development of multivalent vaccines for significant protection against parasitic infections in fish. The present review highlights the progress in the immunobiology of pathogenic parasites and the prospects of vaccine development. Finally, an approach for developing a multivalent vaccine for parasitic diseases is presented. Data sources to prepare this review included Pubmed, google scholar, official reports, and websites.

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of a New Myxozoan, Myxobolus grassi sp. nov. (Myxosporea), Infecting the Grass Carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella in the Gomti River, India

“…Molnar et al [ 25 ] stated site specificity of M. shaharomae from liver, testes and intestine was connected to the tissues rather than organs i.e., tissue specific, as the species develops plasmodia in blood vessels. The lower clade comprised of species from Hungary, Canada, Malaysia, Turkey and Australia with a very high bootstrap value indicating a close relationship and connection towards tissue and host tropism [ 26 , 27 ]. In view of close association involving histotropism and genetic distance among groups, the phylogenetic analysis leads us to consider M. grassi sp.…”

Omics Strategies in Current Advancements of Infectious Fish Disease Management

“…The high-throughput data sets from different levels of omics studies can be used as a powerful method for the development of vaccines and immunostimulants that can be used in preventing and controlling disease infection in fish. The use of advanced technology such as next-generation sequencing (NGS), can directly be identified and specifically detect the presence of infection before any clinical signs appear in the fish [ 95 ]. In proteomics study, a high-throughput technology has been often used to identify novel antigens for new vaccine development.…”

Genome-wide alternative splicing profile in the posterior kidney of brown trout (Salmo trutta) during proliferative kidney disease

“…RNA-seq based transcriptomics has opened up avenues to explore differential gene expression, post-transcriptional modifications, and novel transcripts during hostpathogen interaction [36]. Furthermore, generating molecular information about the pathogen shall be valuable in developing efficient prophylactic measures [37]. RNA-seq has been employed to understand and generate the transcriptome resources of T. bryosalmonae [38,39] and its hosts [21,[40][41][42].…”