Development of Flexible Nanocomposites Based on Poly(ε-caprolactone) for Tissue Engineering Application: The Contributing Role of Poly(glycerol succinic acid) and Polypyrrole

Introducing photo-crosslinked bio-nanocomposites based on polyvinylidene fluoride/poly(glycerol azelaic acid)-g-glycidyl methacrylate for bone tissue engineering

“…At the same time, it reduces the elasticity of the scaffolds. A similar trend has been observed for the mechanical properties of polyester-based nanocomposites containing nHA and Cloisite Na + , such as poly(ε-caprolactone)/poly(glycerol succinic acid)/nHA, 20 poly(glycerol sebacic-urethane)/Cloisite Na + , 26 and poly(glycerol sebacic-urethane)/nHA. 18 It should be noted that the Young's modulus and UTS of PGAG/PVDF and its nanocomposites are within the range of those for the cancellous bone ( i.e.…”

“…The successful synthesis of pre-PGAz is evidenced by the presence of the peaks at 1733 cm −1 (ester carbonyl band, CO stretching vibration) and at 1166 cm −1 and 1094 cm −1 due to the C–O vibration, revealing the formation of ester linkage due to the reaction between carboxyl groups of azelaic acid and hydroxyl groups of glycerol. 18,20,24 Moreover, a broad absorption band at 3120–3650 cm −1 was due to hydroxyl groups in the pre-PGAz structure. The FTIR spectrum of PGAG (before crosslinking) exhibited the characteristic bands of PGAz, as well as bands assigned to GMA, indicating the insertion of GMA into the PGAz backbone.…”

“…Most body tissues exhibit a nonlinear, anisotropic, and highly viscoelastic or complex time-dependent behavior. 20,39 Therefore, in addition to the quasi-static mechanical testing, DMTA may reveal complementary and valuable data on the potential of the designed scaffolds to support the targeted tissue. To investigate the viscoelastic behavior of the samples, DMTA tests were conducted in the temperature range of −70 to 100 °C, and the variations of storage modulus ( E ’), loss modulus ( E ′′), and loss factor or Tan( δ ), as functions of temperature are shown in Fig.…”

“…Biopolyesters synthesized from glycerol and diacids through a simple polycondensation reaction have been primarily used as synthetic scaffolds for soft tissue engineering because of their elastomeric behavior, hydrophilicity, and biocompatibility. [18][19][20] Numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate glycerol-based polyesters, synthesized with different fatty acids, for biomedical applications. 21,22 However, the low mechanical strength of poly(glycerol-co-diacids) limits their application for hard tissue engineering.…”

“…However, this drawback can be addressed by incorporating osteoinductive materials such as hydroxyapatite within the polymer matrix. In previous work, 20 poly(e-caprolactone) PCL was blended with poly(glycerol succinate) (PGSu) in order to improve the mechanical properties and decrease the biodegradation rate of PGSu-based scaffolds. Nevertheless, the prepared scaffolds did not meet the required mechanical properties for bone tissue.…”