Development of Flood Space Monitoring in Kazakhstan

Arkhipkin, O.P.; Spivak, L.; Sagatdinova, G.N.

doi:10.5772/9113

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…There were 17 spatiotemporal clusters in Kazakhstan, among which eight were overlapping indicating potential hot spot areas: #KZ-1, 12, 15, and 17; #KZ-2 and 6; and #KZ-5 and 9. The major trigger events/factors that are likely contributors to Anthrax outbreaks in Kazakhstan include: 1) favorable soils [7]; 2) insufficient vaccination coverage or absence of vaccination [7]; 3) livestock growth since 1934 (National Committee of Statistics (In Russian): http://istmat.info/node/21348) including the influx of inhabitants along with their livestock from other USSR regions [30–32]; 4) seasonal movements of livestock with nomadic migrations, historically [22]; 5) land use, especially the Virgin Lands Program which lead to disturbance of previously unused landscapes where some of the previous Anthrax burial sites were located, which may have resulted in bringing the anthrax spores onto the surface and its intensive wind mediated spread over long distances [5, 22, 31, 32]; 6) river flooding, especially the Syrdarya river flooding which might be related to disturbances at old carcass burial sites [13, 33]; 7) range-land based livestock production [13, 34] where susceptible populations may come in contact with the contaminated soils/pasture; and 8) intense agriculture in the southern Kazakhstan where high human population density, intensive agriculture, together with livestock population collectively may have resulted in frequent disturbance of anthrax burials and animal contacts with the pathogen [30] (S2 Table). The declining trend of the recent cases in Kazakhstan may be attributable to direct and indirect preventive measures including: mass vaccination and mandatory disposal by burning carcasses of animals that had died from anthrax [35]; 2) development and implementation of a whole complex of preventive, antiepizootic and antiepidemic measures, continuous epizootic monitoring and recording of anthrax burial sites [13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of spatiotemporal patterns of historic natural Anthrax outbreaks in Minnesota and Kazakhstan

et al. 2019

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Disease spread in populations is a consequence of the interaction between host, pathogen, and environment, i.e. the epidemiological triad. Yet the influences of each triad component may vary dramatically for different settings. Comparison of environmental, demographic, socio-economic, and historical backgrounds may support tailoring site-specific control measures. Because of the long-term survival of Bacillus anthracis , Anthrax is a suitable example for studying the influence of triad components in different endemic settings. We compared the spatiotemporal patterns of historic animal Anthrax records in two endemic areas, located at northern latitudes in the western and eastern hemispheres. Our goal was to compare the spatiotemporal patterns in Anthrax progression, intensity, direction, and recurrence (disease hot spots), in relation to epidemiological factors and potential trigger events. Reported animal cases in Minnesota, USA (n = 289 cases between 1912 and 2014) and Kazakhstan (n = 3,997 cases between 1933 and 2014) were analyzed using the spatiotemporal directionality test and the spatial scan statistic. Over the last century Anthrax occurrence in Minnesota was sporadic whereas Kazakhstan experienced a long-term epidemic. Nevertheless, the seasonality was comparable between sites, with a peak in August. Declining number of cases at both sites was attributed to vaccination and control measures. The spatiotemporal directionality test detected a relative northeastern directionality in disease spread for long-term trends in Minnesota, whereas a southwestern directionality was observed in Kazakhstan. In terms of recurrence, the maximum timespans between cases at the same location were 55 and 60 years for Minnesota and Kazakhstan, respectively. Disease hotspots were recognized in both settings, with spatially overlapping clusters years apart. Distribution of the spatiotemporal cluster radii between study sites supported suggestion of site-specific control zones. Spatiotemporal patterns of Anthrax occurrence in both endemic regions were attributed to multiple potential trigger events including major river floods, changes in land use, agriculture, and susceptible livestock populations. Results here help to understand the long-term epidemiological dynamics of Anthrax while providing suggestions to the design and implementation of prevention and control programs, in endemic settings.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of spatiotemporal patterns of historic natural Anthrax outbreaks in Minnesota and Kazakhstan

et al. 2019

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“…После появления в свободном доступе оптических данных Landsat-8 и Sentinel-2 А, а также радарных данных Sentinel-1 А и Sentinel-1 В стало возможным регулярно формировать зоны затопления и по данным среднего разрешения. В Казахстане НЦКИТ с 2002 года разрабатывает технологии космического мониторинга паводков и наводнений, которые одновременно внедрялись в практическую деятельность органов ЧС различного уровня [1,2]. В последние годы активно развиваются методы и технологии космического мониторинга паводков и наводнений на основе комплексного анализа оптических и радарных ДДЗ различного разрешения с активным использованием указанных выше новых данных среднего и высокого разрешения [3], а также методов радарной поляриметрии [4] и синтеза радарных и оптических данных, рассматриваемых в данной работе.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Research of Possibilities of Synthesis of Optical and Radar Data in Flood Space Monitoring

Arkhipkin¹,

Sagatdinova²

2019

Information Technologies in Remote Sensing of the Earth - RORSE 2018

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The paper describes the possibility of using the fusion (synthesis) of optical and radar satellite images of medium resolution for the formation and analysis of water surfaces. The method of formation of synthesized images of optical and radar data at the object level including separate formation of water surfaces by optical and radar data and their subsequent joint analysis is presented. The technique of formation of the synthesized images of optical and radar data at the point level, including their geometrical binding to each other, selection of the method of data fusion, synthesis and their analysis is also described. The methods of fusion of optical and radar data are illustrated by the example of passing a flood in 2017 on the Ishim river in the districts of the city of Petropavlovsk in North Kazakhstan region and the village of Gastello in Akmola Oblast.Национальный центр космических исследований и технологий, Алма-Ата, Казахстан oarkhipkin@rambler.ru

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“…into the system. In the development of the system various methods and technologies of processing optical and radar remote sensing data were introduced (Arkhipkin and Sagatdinova, 2008), (Arkhipkin et al, 2007), (Arkhipkin et al, 2010) and (Spivak et al, 2004). At the current time, the system is a three-level structure whose levels are determined by the spatial resolution of the used Remote sensing data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possibilities of the Joint Use of Optical and Radar Data in Flood Space Monitoring

Arkhipkin

Sagatdinova

2018

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The article gives a brief description of the system of space monitoring of high water and floods. Its main tasks are the operational dynamics of snow and ice cover melting and the passage of flood waters. The solution of these tasks is carried out in three levels corresponding to the low, medium and high resolution of remote sensing data. An important role in monitoring is given to radar data. This is due to the features of the radar survey: independence from weather conditions and time of day, regularity, good spatial resolution, the possibility of using polarimetric properties (including phase information). The use of radar data also provides additional information, including the allocation of wet soils, flooded vegetation and infrastructure. The presence of large time periods of repeated survey, interference (cloudiness, haze, noise, etc.), different spatial resolution necessitates a complex analysis of optical and radar data in flood space monitoring. Such analysis makes it possible to better observe the flood dynamics, more precisely identify of flooding zones and determine their structure. Features of radar survey (transparency of dry snow and change of reflected signal during snowmelt) allow using them to determine the beginning of snow melt and determine the degree of water content in it. Optical data are also used to determine the area and structure of the snow cover. Method of detecting the beginning of the snowmelt period consists in the comparison of the current radar image with a base image created as an average image from the winter images with dry snow.</p>

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Development of Flood Space Monitoring in Kazakhstan

Cited by 5 publications

References 3 publications

Comparison of spatiotemporal patterns of historic natural Anthrax outbreaks in Minnesota and Kazakhstan

Comparison of spatiotemporal patterns of historic natural Anthrax outbreaks in Minnesota and Kazakhstan

Research of Possibilities of Synthesis of Optical and Radar Data in Flood Space Monitoring

Possibilities of the Joint Use of Optical and Radar Data in Flood Space Monitoring

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