Development of gait performance and dynamic hip and knee joint loading after containment improving surgery in patients with Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease

The Effects of Leg Length Discrepancy on Stability and Kinematics-Kinetics Deviations: A Systematic Review

“…Table 2 presents a list of the physical characteristics and anthropometric parameters from the 22 articles that we reviewed comprehensively. Seven articles compared a healthy group (control) and LLD group [ 3 – 5 , 7 – 11 , 13 , 16 , 17 ]. There was a notable paucity of well-controlled studies investigating participants in groups that had various disorders: (1) after total hip arthroplasty, (2) knee osteoarthritis, (3) lower back pain [ 24 ], and (4) acromegaly [ 16 – 19 ].…”

“…Seven articles compared a healthy group (control) and LLD group [ 3 – 5 , 7 – 11 , 13 , 16 , 17 ]. There was a notable paucity of well-controlled studies investigating participants in groups that had various disorders: (1) after total hip arthroplasty, (2) knee osteoarthritis, (3) lower back pain [ 24 ], and (4) acromegaly [ 16 – 19 ]. Most of the participants were adults, young adults, average-age adults, and older adults, whereas very few published studies focused on children with Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease (LCPD) [ 16 , 19 ].…”

“…There are two possible approaches that have been used for the investigation of LLD, where nine articles studied on congenital LLD [ 2 , 12 , 16 , 19 – 24 ] and 13 articles studied on induced artificial LLD [ 3 – 5 , 7 – 11 , 13 , 14 , 17 , 18 ] as listed in Table 3 . Most of the studies performed their experiments during walking.…”

“…Previous studies have tested the efficacy of balance performance by using various force platforms including the Vicon Systems [ 9 , 11 , 20 ], Musgrave™ pedobarographs [ 10 , 13 , 14 ], footprint pressure plate systems [ 13 , 14 ], zebris [ 5 ], MatScan and T-Scan II computerized occlusal analysis systems [ 9 ], scanograms [ 20 ], Berg Balance Scale [ 22 ], and photogrammetry and mechanical electric elevation treatment tables [ 23 ]. In some studies, static posture was measured using tape measurements [ 5 , 19 , 21 ], goniometers [ 16 ], video recording [ 20 ], palpation meter inclinometers, and bubble inclinometers [ 21 ]. From ten articles using reflective markers [ 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 , 11 , 12 , 19 , 20 , 23 ], only two mentioned the total number of reflective markers used [ 11 , 12 ]; however, five articles mentioned the anatomical landmarks used for marker placement, such as the tibial tubercles (ankle and subtalar joints at the foot) [ 2 ]; pelvis, thighs, shanks, and feet (anterior and posterior regions for multisegment recordings) [ 3 , 20 ]; thigh, foot, pelvis, anterior-posterior (AP) iliac spines and iliac crest, greater lateral trochanter, medial-lateral (ML) epicondyles and malleoli, head of first and fifth metatarsals at the feet, and ankle [ 11 ]; and medial malleolus, medial femoral condyle and major trochanter for hips, and knees and ankles [ 16 ].…”

“…In some studies, static posture was measured using tape measurements [ 5 , 19 , 21 ], goniometers [ 16 ], video recording [ 20 ], palpation meter inclinometers, and bubble inclinometers [ 21 ]. From ten articles using reflective markers [ 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 , 11 , 12 , 19 , 20 , 23 ], only two mentioned the total number of reflective markers used [ 11 , 12 ]; however, five articles mentioned the anatomical landmarks used for marker placement, such as the tibial tubercles (ankle and subtalar joints at the foot) [ 2 ]; pelvis, thighs, shanks, and feet (anterior and posterior regions for multisegment recordings) [ 3 , 20 ]; thigh, foot, pelvis, anterior-posterior (AP) iliac spines and iliac crest, greater lateral trochanter, medial-lateral (ML) epicondyles and malleoli, head of first and fifth metatarsals at the feet, and ankle [ 11 ]; and medial malleolus, medial femoral condyle and major trochanter for hips, and knees and ankles [ 16 ]. In addition, the insole material used to induce artificial LLD also has a significant influence on the changes in kinematics parameters, for instance, ankle eversion and hip abduction [ 11 ].…”