Development of Gastrointestinal Mucosal Barrier. II. The Effect of Natural Versus Artificial Feeding on Intestinal Permeability to Macromolecules

Udall, John N.; Colony, Pamela C.; Fritze, Linda M.S.; Pang, K Y; Trier, Jerry S.; Walker, W. Allan

doi:10.1203/00006450-198103000-00009

Cited by 89 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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confidence: 58%

“…Measurement of intestinal permeability in vivo in human neonates consistently reveals a higher permeability in formula-fed compared with breast-fed neonates (11,12). Studies in rabbits and rats corroborate this increased permeability in formula-fed animals (13,14).Modifications of intestinal permeability and structure during the neonatal period might have either immediate or longterm health consequences. Indeed, during the neonatal period, enhanced uptake of molecules in the intestinal mucosa may have a role in the maturation of the immune system and the acquisition of oral tolerance (15,16).…”

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confidence: 49%

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Effect of Milk Formula Protein Content on Intestinal Barrier Function in a Porcine Model of LBW Neonates

et al. 2011

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ABSTRACT:Our study aimed at investigating the impact of the level of protein in milk formula on intestinal structure, barrier function, and its nervous regulation in normal and LBW neonates using a porcine model. Normal birth weight (NBW) or LBW piglets were fed from d7 to d28 of age either with a high protein (HP) or with an adequate protein (AP) formula or stayed with their mother [mother fed (MF)]. The proximal jejunum and distal ileum were sampled at d28 for morphometry analysis and ex vivo permeability measurement in Ussing chambers. Formula feeding induced a trophic effect on the jejunum and ileum of both NBW and LBW piglets, which exhibited longer villi than MF animals, irrespective of the type of formula. In NBW piglets, intestinal permeability was not altered by formula feeding. On the contrary, LBW piglets fed with HP formula, but not AP, exhibited a greater ileal permeability than MF piglets. Feeding the HP formula also disturbed jejunal and ileal regulation of permeability by acetylcholine and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in LBW compared with MF LBW piglets. In conclusion, the level of protein in formulas did not modify intestinal structure and function in NBW individuals but dramatically modified intestinal barrier function physiology in LBW individuals. (Pediatr Res 69: 4-9, 2011) T he health benefits of breast feeding have been recognized for a long time. However, many infants are still formulafed for periods of their first months of life. Formulation is an area of intensive research to improve the nutritional quality of milk formulas. However, the amount of protein per energy content is generally higher in formula than in human milk to meet the protein and amino acid requirements of infants (up to 40 and 66% more proteins than human milk for healthy neonates and preterm and LBW babies, respectively) (1). Epidemiological data point out an increased risk of developing metabolic disease and obesity later in life with accelerated growth in early life (2). High protein (HP) formulas are suspected to be one of the major factors of such accelerated growth (3). Therefore, the actual tendency is to reduce protein content in formulas toward the minimal level (4), although HP formulas are still recommended for premature and LBW babies (5).Several studies have established that formula-feeding impacts intestinal development. Using endoscopic techniques to obtain biopsies from healthy infants, Thompson et al. (6) observed that crypt length was increased by 30% in formulafed infants. More extensive studies undertaken in rats also concluded to a trophic effect of formula-versus breast-feeding on the intestine (7,8). Besides structural modifications, formula feeding also impacts intestinal epithelial barrier function. The epithelium lining the intestine plays an integrated role in maintaining intestinal barrier function through the proteins forming the tight junctions (TJs), which constitute a selective barrier and regulate the passage of molecules according to their size. Intestinal barrier function is ...

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supporting

confidence: 58%

supporting

confidence: 49%

Effect of Milk Formula Protein Content on Intestinal Barrier Function in a Porcine Model of LBW Neonates

et al. 2011

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“…In terms of the prevention of allergy, breast milk may decrease allergic sensitization by reducing both exposure to and intestinal absorption of food allergens (17). Factors within breast milk such as immunoglobulins, especially secretory IgA (18) and mucosal growth factor (19), are responsible for reduced absorption of antigenic foods.…”

Section: Phfmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-term Effect of Partially Hydrolyzed Formula on the Prevention of Development of Atopic Dermatitis in Infants at High Risk

et al. 2003

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This short-term, prospective study was aimed to assess the effects of partially hydrolyzed formula (PHF) on the prevention of the development of atopic dermatitis in infants at high risk. The infants of parents with allergy symptoms and serum total IgE over 200 kU/L were divided into 3 groups by their feeding patterns: PHF group (n=15), standard formula (SF) group (n=32), and breast milk (BM) group (n=22). No allergenic food was given during the study period of 6 months, and breastfeeding mothers avoided egg ingestion. Their atopic symptoms were monitored every 2 months. The cumulative incidence and prevalence of atopic dermatitis at the age of 6 months were significantly less in the PHF group than in the SF group (47% vs. 78%, p<0.05; 20% vs. 59%, p<0.05). Those rates of the PHF group were also less than those of the BM group, but they were not statistically significant. There was no difference in the onset age and disease severity. These results suggest that early feeding of PHF to infants at high risk has a short-term preventive effect on the development of atopic dermatitis during the first 6 months of life. Long-term preventive effects should be evaluated.

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“…Another component of human breast milk, epidermal growth factor, may enhance the maturation of the gut epithelial barrier, leading to a decreased uptake of foreign protein antigens in the breast-fed infant (Udall et al 1981), and hence to decreased immune stimulation. Other components of breast milk, such as κ-casein, digestive fragments of casein subunits, lactoperoxidase and polyamines, have been shown to have antimicrobial and/or immunostimulatory activity in vitro and in vivo, although human studies are largely lacking (Lönnerdal, 2000).…”

Section: Components Of Breast Milk and Their Key Rolementioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction of early diet and the development of the immune system

Gil

Rueda

2002

Nutr. Res. Rev.

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The present review focuses on the specific effects of nutrients on the development of the immune system in early life. There is a big gap regarding the specific mechanisms that regulate immunity at the intestinal level and their impact in the systemic immune function. For this reason, during the last few years there has been great interest in ascertaining the mechanisms that regulate the intestinal immune function, as well as to understand how specific nutrients interact with the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. We have reviewed this topic with special emphasis on how human milk, and its components, influence the early development of intestinal immunity in breast-fed infants compared with formula-fed infants. Interactions between nutrients and intestinal microbiota have also been reviewed. Some micronutrients such as nucleotides and gangliosides, which are present in human milk and also in most foods, are able to influence immune functionality at very low concentrations. The specific action of these micronutrients on some parameters of immunity, as well as their potential mechanisms of action, have been considered in detail. However, there are limited data on how other specific nutrients, namely protein and non-protein N-containing compounds, lipids, carbohydrates, and others, such as minerals, vitamins, fibre, non-nutritional dietary compounds (flavonoids, carotenoids, phyto-oestrogens, etc), influence immunity. In the present review we have provided data regarding the potential effects of these compounds on the immune response in early life. The increasing use of functional foods by the public to improve their general health and prevent the incidence of chronic diseases has become a major area of interest within the nutrition community. Of the many functional foods available, probiotics have been most studied in infancy and childhood, particularly with regard to the prevention of allergic diseases. Infant formulae and fermented milks containing large quantities of probiotics are produced and

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Development of Gastrointestinal Mucosal Barrier. II. The Effect of Natural Versus Artificial Feeding on Intestinal Permeability to Macromolecules

Cited by 89 publications

References 3 publications

Effect of Milk Formula Protein Content on Intestinal Barrier Function in a Porcine Model of LBW Neonates

Effect of Milk Formula Protein Content on Intestinal Barrier Function in a Porcine Model of LBW Neonates

Short-term Effect of Partially Hydrolyzed Formula on the Prevention of Development of Atopic Dermatitis in Infants at High Risk

Interaction of early diet and the development of the immune system

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