“…In the meantime, several glyphosateinsensitive EPSP synthase mutant variants have been generated by either random or directed mutagenesis or they have been isolated from glyphosate-resistant organisms (Stalker et al, 1985;Eschenburg et al, 2002;Kahrizi et al, 2007;Pollegioni et al, 2011;Chekan et al, 2016). EPSP synthases that are insensitive to glyphosate have been used to genetically engineer glyphosate-tolerant crops (Della-Cioppa et al, 1987;Padgette et al, 1995;Barry et al, 1997;Kahrizi et al, 2007;Cao et al, 2012;Guo et al, 2015;Zhang et al, 2017;Fartyal et al, 2018). strain CP4 and Escherichia coli revealed that glyphosate targets the PEP binding site and acts as a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme (Schönbrunn et al, 2001;Eschenburg et al, 2002;Funke et al, 2006).…”