Development of hierarchically constructed robust multifunctional hydrogels for sensitive strain sensors by using guar gum and polydopamine to encapsulate liquid metal droplets

Wang, Bingyan; Liu, Wenxia; Liu, Xiaona; Chen, Duo; Song, Zhaoping; Yu, Dehai; Li, Guodong; Wang, Huili; Ge, Shaohua

doi:10.1016/j.apmt.2023.101961

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The rheological properties of both the PVA-PAA-Al 3+ hydrogel and the MWCNT aerogel/PVA-PAA-Al 3+ composite hydrogel were tested to analyze their cross-linking state. 33,34 As shown in Figure 3a, when the PVA-PAA-Al 3+ hydrogel experiences 1% oscillatory shear, the energy storage modulus (G′) is higher than the loss modulus (G″), and both remain nearly constant over time, revealing that the internal network structure of the PVA-PAA-Al 3+ hydrogel is relatively stable under small oscillatory strain. As the oscillatory strain increases stepwise, both G′ and G″ decrease due to the damage to the hydrogel's network structure.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Carbon Nanotube Aerogel-Based Composite Hydrogel for Strain Sensing

Chu,

Liu,

Liu

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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Conductive hydrogels have been extensively studied as flexible sensing materials. However, conventional conductive hydrogels often exhibit low sensitivity due to the limited incorporation of electronic conductive fillers when directly mixed with polymer components before gelatinization. To address this issue, we developed a strategy to establish a carbon nanotube network within a hydrogel by freeze-drying a carbon nanotube dispersion to produce an aerogel and then encapsulating the aerogel with a conventional conductive hydrogel before gelatinization. By using an in situ formed, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) reinforced and Al3+ cross-linked poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) hydrogel as the polymer matrix, the composite hydrogel achieved excellent sensing performance, including high sensitivity (gauge factor = 29.34), a broad working range of 0–1000%, and an ultralow detection limit of 0.1%. Additionally, the composite hydrogel demonstrated excellent mechanical properties, adhesion, self-healing, and bacteriostatic properties. Moreover, the composite hydrogel-based sensor is capable of monitoring human health and various human activities. The hydrogel also exhibits good water retention and adaptability to extreme temperatures by soaking in a 50% glycerol aqueous solution for 4 h. This work provides an approach to fabricating high-performance conductive hydrogels for wearable electronic devices.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Carbon Nanotube Aerogel-Based Composite Hydrogel for Strain Sensing

Chu,

Liu,

Liu

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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“…When aiming to construct a multifunctional hydrogel with both high toughness and self-healing capability, the most widely employed strategy involves introducing a double network structure with reversible cross-linking. − This structure consists of a flexible network, typically composed of polysaccharides, providing elasticity and structural support. − It also includes a rigid polymer network, usually made of tough polymers such as polyacrylamide , and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), , responsible for dissipating energy. Additionally, the mechanical properties of hydrogels are not solely dependent on the polymeric network structure but are also significantly influenced by the incorporation of conductive fillers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Mechanical and Sensing Performance of Conductive Hydrogel via Ga-Droplet Costabilization with Polyaniline and Xanthan Gum

Lu,

Liu,

Liu

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Conductive hydrogels incorporating liquid metals, particularly gallium (Ga) droplets, have garnered significant attention owing to the multifaceted functionalities they offer. In this study, we introduce a liquid-metal-based conductive hydrogel synthesized through radical polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) in the presence of Ga droplets stabilized by polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers and xanthan gum (XG) at room temperature. The incorporation of PANI not only enhances the stability of Ga-droplet dispersion but also improves the hydrogel’s mechanical properties, including tensile strength, toughness, and sensitivity as a sensor material. With the addition of 0.5 wt % PANI, the hydrogel displays an elongation at break of 964% and a tensile strength of 265 kPa, while exhibiting a sensor gauge factor (GF) of 13.4 within a strain range of 400–600%. The reversible noncovalent cross-links within the hydrogel confer excellent self-healing properties, achieving 98% self-healing efficiency in elongation at break within 6 h and 90% conductivity self-healing within 83 ms. Additionally, the hydrogel’s abundant functional groups enable strong adhesion to various substrates. As a sensing material, the hydrogel demonstrates rapid response and recovery times (250/250 ms), low detection limits (0.1%), and good durability (500 cycles under 10 and 100% strains). The cross-linked network composed of XG, PANI, and PAA imparts the hydrogel with water retention. Moreover, glycerol treatment reinforces the hydrogel’s mechanical strength and sensing abilities, extending their effectiveness even under extreme temperature conditions. As a result, the XG-PANI-Ga-PAA hydrogel-based strain sensor has emerged as a promising tool for monitoring human health and detecting a wide range of human activities with reliability and precision.

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Mechanically Robust and Anti‐Swelling Anisotropic Conductive Hydrogel with Fluorescence for Multifunctional Sensing

Zhang,

Jing,

Zou

et al. 2024

Adv Funct Materials

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The intricate muscle arrangement structure endows the biological tissues with unique mechanical properties. Inspired by that, a mechanically robust and multifunctional anisotropic Polyacrylamide/Sodium alginate/Zirconium ion/Carbon dots (PAM/SA/Zr4+/CDs, PSZC) hydrogel is developed through the synergistic effect of mechanical‐assisted stretching, Zr4+ metal‐coordination and CDs embedding. The resulting hydrogel exhibited an impressive tensile strength of 2.56 MPa and exceptional toughness of 10.10 MJ m−3 along the stretching direction, attributing to the oriented alignment of PAM and SA molecular chains induced by mechanical‐assisted stretching and metal‐coordination. The dense network structure endowed the PSZC hydrogel with excellent anti‐swelling performance, achieving a swelling ratio of only 1.7% after being stored in water for 30 days. The presence of Zr4+ conferred remarkable electrical conductivity of 2.15 S m−1 to the PSZC hydrogel. Furthermore, the integration of carbon dots imparted the PSZC hydrogel fluorescence properties, rendering it visual sensing capabilities. Overall, a straightforward strategy is proposed for fabricating a mechanically robust and multifunctional hydrogel suitable for underwater sensing and visual sensing, offering valuable insights for the development of high‐performance underwater sensors.

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Development of hierarchically constructed robust multifunctional hydrogels for sensitive strain sensors by using guar gum and polydopamine to encapsulate liquid metal droplets

Cited by 9 publications

References 43 publications

Carbon Nanotube Aerogel-Based Composite Hydrogel for Strain Sensing

Carbon Nanotube Aerogel-Based Composite Hydrogel for Strain Sensing

Enhancing Mechanical and Sensing Performance of Conductive Hydrogel via Ga-Droplet Costabilization with Polyaniline and Xanthan Gum

Mechanically Robust and Anti‐Swelling Anisotropic Conductive Hydrogel with Fluorescence for Multifunctional Sensing

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