“…Initial research on the device was devoted to the development of three-terminal tandem cells for the purpose of studying the top (InP) and bottom (Ga,,In,,,As) subcells independently, and to circumvent the problem of electrically interconnecting the subcells within the the monolithic structure. Using the three-terminal approach, the tandem cell performance progressed rapidly (2)(3)(4)(5)(6). ,and improvements in the epitaxial growth and device processing procedures eventually led to a terrestrial concentrator tandem cell efficiency of 31.8% (4,6), which is the highest value yet attained for a monolithic solar cell.…”