“…Evidently, the literature on product (line) design has presented various heuristic procedures over the last decades to address the optimization problem, such as Dynamic Programming (Kohli & Sukumar, 1990), Beam Search (Nair, Thakur, & Wen, 1995), Lagrangian Relaxation with Branch and Bound (Belloni, Freund, Selove, & Simester, 2008;), Genetic Algorithms (Balakrishnan, Gupta, & Jacob, 2004), and Ant Colony Optimization (Albritton & McMullen, 2007). Although PSO has been extensively implemented in various research fields since its original introduction by Kennedy and Eberhart in 1995, the algorithm has just recently been implemented to the optimal design problem.…”