Development of hyperbranched crosslinkers from bio-derived platform molecules for the synthesis of epoxidised soybean oil based thermosets

Abstract

Carboxyl-terminated hyperbranched crosslinkers have been synthesised by the facile esterification of glycerol with succinic anhydride. Gly-SA crosslinkers were used to cure epoxidised soybean oil to yield fully bio-derived thermosetting resins.

Recent Research Progress on Lignin-Derived Resins for Natural Fiber Composite Applications

“…Several studies have been reported to modify the lignin and enhance compatibility with polymers and mechanical properties for high-performance applications to overcome these drawbacks. Up to now, a large amount of research has been performed on bio-based thermoplastics such as bismaleimide/eugenol [ 17 ], poly(lactic acid) [ 18 ], bio-poly(ethylene terephthalate) [ 19 ], poly(butylene succinate) [ 20 ], polyhydroxyalkanoates [ 21 , 22 ], poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) [ 23 ], and also on thermosets such as itaconic acid [ 24 ], isosorbide [ 25 ], composite of cardanol novolac/bismaleimide [ 26 ], plant oil [ 27 , 28 ], eugenol [ 29 ], and polyesters [ 30 ]. On the other hand, average research progress has been published on preparing thermoplastic and thermosets resins with lignin.…”

Facile Synthesis of Biobased Polyamide Derived from Epoxidized Soybean Oil as a High-Efficiency Triboelectric Nanogenerator

“…50 Moreover the characteristic ester peak at ∼1740 cm −1 in ESO and the uncured mixtures shifted to 1733 cm −1 and gradually decreased in intensity with the increase in HMDA ratios. 26 This confirmed that amidation indeed occurred with the degree of reaction increasing at greater crosslinker ratios.…”

“…The results indicated that all ESO and HMDA systems were successfully cured, as confirmed by the disappearance of the characteristic peak of the epoxy group in the spectra of the cured samples (Figure ). However, this peak was observed in ESO and then in the mixtures at ∼820 cm –1 . This demonstrated that the ring opening of the epoxide ring occurred during the curing process.…”

“…However, this peak was observed in ESO and then in the mixtures at ∼820 cm −1 . 26 This demonstrated that the ring opening of the epoxide ring occurred during the curing process. A broad peak of O−H at ∼3400 cm −1 appeared in the spectra of the cured materials, confirming that the hydroxyl groups were generated from a ring-opening reaction between an epoxy group of ESO and HMDA.…”

“…Bioderived crosslinkers are needed to achieve fully biobased thermosets. Naturally derived dicarboxylic acids/anhydrides have been intensively studied as curing agents; − however, the use of biobased amines as curing agents for epoxidized oils is relatively more limited. Lysine and tryptophan are two amino acids that have been reported as crosslinkers for commercial epoxy resin.…”