Development of Phyllanthus emblica (L) fruit as a carrier for EGCG: Interaction and in vitro digestion study

Abstract

Emblica fruit is an undervalued and underutilized nature product. The emblica fruit materials with different processing pretreatments were prepared and used for incorporation of Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). The adsorption behaviors of EGCG onto emblica fruit were studied over the EGCG concentration range from 50 to 800 mg/L and different temperatures (25, 40, and 55°C). The results showed that both of Langmuir and Freundlich models were suitable for describing the isothermal adsorption of EGCG onto emblica fruit materials, and an excellent fitness to the pseudo‐second order model was observed. Thermodynamics study suggested that the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous. All the processed emblica fruit materials greatly retarded the degradation of EGCG during the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, with the recovery rate up to 52% compared with 38% of unprotected EGCG. This result indicates that emblica fruit is a promising food matrix for delivering EGCG with the enhancement of EGCG stability against digestion degradation. Practical applications The physicochemical properties and adsorption capacities of pretreated emblica fruit materials are measured. The emblica fruit elevated the stability of EGCG against in vitro digestion degradation. This provides a promising approach for commercial and industrial utilization of emblica fruit, also an optional way for the improving EGCG bioavailability.

The Physiochemical Properties and Adsorption Characteristics of Processed Pomelo Peel as a Carrier for Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate

“…The absorbance at 1318 cm −1 in NHP represented the O-H bending in cellulose [26], and the weak shoulder at 1160 cm −1 was corresponding to the arabinosyl side chains of lignocellulose [27]. The results of the FTIR spectra indicate that the functional groups' changes resulted from pretreatments, especially the alkaline-acid elution, during which some soluble compounds such as pectin or protein might have been removed by the NaOH or HCl solution, with most insoluble leftovers (cellulose, lignin) retained in the biosorbent, in agreement with the observation of citric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate treated plant-based adsorbent [28]. The curves of untreated pomelo peel (PP) in FTIR and particel size distribution results were re-drawn from our previous result in reference [16].…”

“…Molecules 2020,25, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 18 solution, with most insoluble leftovers (cellulose, lignin) retained in the biosorbent, in agreement with the observation of citric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate treated plant-based adsorbent[28].…”

“…The FTIR spectra demonstrated that there are significant shifts at -OH, C-C, and C=O group bands between the peel samples before and after adsorption, implying that EGCG binding could mostly be at -OH and C=O groups. Lots of evidence has showed that polyphenols mainly interact with various carbohydrates derived from the cell wall in the plant-based matrix including cellulose, pectin or lignin [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Hydrogen bonds are formed among hydroxyl groups in galloyl group of EGCG and oxygen atoms of the glycosidic linkages in the polysaccharides; except for hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions between the benzene rings or alkanes of lignocellulose and phenolic rings of tea catechins were also contributed to the adsorption of polyphenols onto biosorbents [ 14 , 32 ].…”