Development of Immunological Capacity Under Germfree and Conventional Conditions

Tlaskalová‐Hogenová, Helena; Šterzl, J.; Štěpánková, Renata; Dlabač, V.; Větvička, Václav; Rossmann, P; Mandel, L.; Rejnek, J.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1983.tb26862.x

Cited by 88 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Second, factors in human milk such as secretory component (36) and lipid (35) have been shown to inhibit lymphocyte responses in vitro, and these factors may begin to have a role in vivo at this age. However, a more likely explanation is that bottle-fed infants have a greater uptake of macromolecules from the gut than breast-fed infants, as the lack of protective antibodies from human milk in the bottle-fed infants allows increased absorption of potentially antigenic macromolecules from gut bacteria (37) and cow milk proteins (38). Certainly, the serum antibody responses of these bottle-fed infants to components of the normal gut flora are significantly greater than those of the breast-fed infants at this time (28) indicating greater exposure of the systemic immune system to antigens encountered in the gut.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Breast-Feeding on Proliferation by Infant Lymphocytes in Vitro

et al. 1986

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ABSTRACT. The effect of breast-feeding on the development of lymphocyte responsiveness in infants has been studied. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 15 breast-and 15 bottle-fed infants were obtained sequentially between 6 days and 9 months of age. A number of agents were used to stimulate the cells in vitro and the resulting proliferative responses were compared between the two feeding groups. A hanging drop microculture system using serum-free medium, enabled spontaneous proliferation and proliferative responses to several stimuli ( T and B cell mitogens, allogeneic lymphocytes, and antigen) to be studied a t a range of cell concentrations and days of culture. Significant age-related differences were found between the responses of cells from the two feeding groups. Spontaneous proliferation and proliferative responses to the T cell mitogen phytohaemagglutinin and the antigen tetanus toxoid were significantly greater in the breast-fed group a t the two earliest ages studied (6 days and 6 wk). Responses to mitogens which predominantly affect B cells, such a s pokeweed mitogen and Staphylococcus aureus (Cowan), were similar in both feeding groups a t this age. In contrast, from 3 to 9 months of age, responses of cells from bottle-fed infants were significantly greater to all stimuli than responses from breast-fed infants. One possible explanation for the higher level of proliferation by cells from newborn breast-fed infants, is that these infants may absorb the cell-growth factors and lymphokines known to be present in human colostrum and milk. These factors may stimulate T cells and/or their precursors in vivo. The subsequent greater responsiveness of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the bottle-fed group a t 3 to 9 months of age appears to be due to a higher level of antigenic stimulation in vivo in this group. This could result from the greater intake of cow milk proteins or from the absence of the passive protective effect of the antimicrobial components in human milk. Breast-fed infants have a lower incidence of infections than bottle-fed infants (1-3). This has been attributed to a passive protective role of antimicrobial compounds in human milk, such as secretory IgA, acting locally within the gut of the newborn infant (4-6). More recently, interest has developed in other factors in colostrum and milk, such as epidermal growth factor (7, 8), interferon (9, 1 O), and prostaglandins ( 1 1, 12), which can influence cell growth and differentiation in vitro. It is possible that these growth factors and lymphokines in milk may actively enhance the development of the immune system of the breastfed infant, although an in vivo role for milk lymphokines has not yet been demonstrated. To investigate whether these lymphokines might be having an effect in vivo on the immune system of the breast-fed infant, we have studied the development of immune responses in breast-and bottle-fed infants sequentially from 6 days to 9 months of age.Mononuclear cell proliferation in vitro has frequently been used to assess ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Breast-Feeding on Proliferation by Infant Lymphocytes in Vitro

et al. 1986

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“…Some specific components of the intestinal microflora, especially lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, have been associated with beneficial effects for the host, such as: (1) promotion of gut maturation, (2) gut integrity, (3) antagonisms against pathogens, and (4) immune modulation (Carter and Pollard, 1971;Berg and Savage, 1975;Tlaskalova-Hogenova et al, 1980;Tlaskalova-Hogenova et al, 1983;Tlaskalova-Hogenova et al, 1994). In addition, the microflora seems to play a significant role in the maintenance of intestinal immune homeostasis and prevention of inflammation (Powrie, 1995).…”

Section: Modulation Of the Intestinal Microbial Community By Dietary mentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of the commensal gut microbial community in broiler chickens

Verstegen

Tamminga

et al. 2005

World's Poultry Science Journal

239

162

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To understand the relationship between the gastrointestinal inhabiting microbial community and broiler health, a literature review is presented. The available information on the development of gut microbial community, the relationship between commensal microflora and digestive function, the role of gut microorganisms on competitive exclusion of chickens against pathogens, and modulation of the gut microbial community by addition of prebiotics to the diet is summarized. Gut dominant microbial communities become more complex as broilers grow older. The establishment of the dominant bacterial community is affected by dietary and host-related factors. Dietary prebiotics can modulate bacterial community shift towards non-harmful bacteria, which is beneficial for the health of broiler chickens. Gut commensal microorganisms play an important role in the prevention of colonization by pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract of chickens, a process known as competitive exclusion. In conclusion, the dilemma caused by the forthcoming ban of antibiotics feed additives and need to maintain the intestinal health of broiler chickens, has produced an enormous interest in finding alternatives. Modulating the intestinal microbial community in a healthy direction, by dietary ingredients such as prebiotics, could be a good solution.

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“…[38][39][40][41][42][43][44] We have shown that microbial colonization of animals living in germ-free conditions results in an increase in immunoglobulin levels, the production of specific antibodies, substantial changes in mucosal-associated lymphocyte tissues and cell populations, changes in migration patterns and increases in the systemic immunological capacity. 35,40,42,43 In the early postnatal period, components of the normal microbiota induce a transient physiological inflammatory response in the gut associated with enlargement of the mucosal-associated lymphatic tissue and increases in its cellularity. 39,45 The effect of microbial colonization on innate immune cells has been documented in our studies on the development of phagocytes, dendritic cells and intestinal epithelial cells.…”

Section: The Role Of the Microbiota In Postnatal Development Of Innatmentioning

confidence: 99%