Development of inexpensive blood imaging systems: where are we now?

Chu, Kaiqin; Smith, Zachary J.; Wachsmann‐Hogiu, Sebastian

doi:10.1586/17434440.2015.1075388

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…Currently, several groups are currently exploring the use of low-cost instrumentation based on mobile phones and other consumer devices blood measurements in low-resource settings 21 – 24 . However, to date none have addressed anemia screening.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new red cell index and portable RBC analyzer for screening of iron deficiency and Thalassemia minor in a Chinese population

Tong

Kauer

Wachsmann‐Hogiu

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Anemia is a widespread public health problem with 1/4 ~1/3 of the world’s population being affected. In Southeast Asia, Thalassemia trait (TT) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) are the two most common anemia types and can have a serious impact on quality of life. IDA patients can be treated with iron supplementation, yet TT patients have diminished capacity to process iron. Therefore, distinguishing between types of anemia is essential for effective diagnosis and treatment. Here, we present two advances towards low-cost screening for anemia. First: a new red-cell-based index, Joint Indicator A, to discriminate between IDA, TT, and healthy children in a Chinese population. We collected retrospective data from 384 Chinese children and used discriminant function analysis to determine the best analytic function to separate healthy and diseased groups, achieving 94% sensitivity and 90% specificity, significantly higher than reported indices. This result is achieved using only three red cell parameters: mean cell volume (MCV), red cell distribution width (RDW) and mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Our second advance: the development of a low cost, portable red cell analyzer to measure these parameters. Taken together, these two results may help pave the way for widespread screening for nutritional and genetic anemias.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new red cell index and portable RBC analyzer for screening of iron deficiency and Thalassemia minor in a Chinese population

Tong

Kauer

Wachsmann‐Hogiu

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

Self Cite

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“…Both density centrifugation and impedance microfluid use statistical features of cell populations for cell count which leads to weak cell differential abilities. Thus, imaging methods that capture cell morphology have attracted much attention in the mobile blood analysis field with the advancement of optical and machine-vision techniques [34][35][36][37][38][39][40] . Many works reported mobile phone microscopes for blood cell applications, including partial WBC differential combined with fluorescence staining or density centrifugation 41,42 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiparameter mobile blood analyzer for complete blood count utilizing contrast-enhanced defocusing imaging

Chen

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Blood analysis, though complete blood count (CBC), is the most basic medical test for disease diagnosis and health monitoring. However, the need for bulky and expensive laboratory facilities and skilled technicians limits the universal medical practices based on blood analysis outside of well-equipped laboratory environments. Here, we proposed a multiparameter mobile blood analyzer utilizing label-free contrast-enhanced defocusing imaging (CEDI) with the assistance of machine vision for instant and on-site blood analysis. The analyzer using CEDI obtains both the blood cell morphological characteristics and hemoglobin spectrophotometric information for simultaneous five-part white blood cell differential count, red blood cell count, and hemoglobin quantification without the need for sample staining. In addition, we have designed a miniature microscope with a sub-micron spatial resolution of (~0.98 μm), which is quite small, lightweight, and cost-effective for blood imaging. We have shown that our assay can analyze a sample within 10 minutes, using just a drop of fingertip blood (~7 μl) and measurements (30 samples) from the analyzer have strong correlations with clinical reference values (significant level: P < 0.0001). The proposed mobile blood analyzer can help provide universal access to blood analysis and has great potential for integrated surveillance of various epidemic diseases, including coronavirus infection, invermination, and anemia, especially in low-and middle-income countries.

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“…As health care costs rise, there is an increasing interest in finding lower-cost methods of providing high-quality care. Substantial effort has been expended in developing portable and easy-to-use instrumentation that can replace costly and centralized medical instruments [ 1 , 2 ]. This is particularly relevant for rural [ 3 ] and low-resource settings [ 4 ], as well as combat settings and disaster areas [ 5 ], where centralized and well-equipped medical facilities may not be accessible to a large portion of the population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A modular, open-source, slide-scanning microscope for diagnostic applications in resource-constrained settings

et al. 2018

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In this paper we report the development of a cost-effective, modular, open source, and fully automated slide-scanning microscope, composed entirely of easily available off-the-shelf parts, and capable of bright field and fluorescence modes. The automated X-Y stage is composed of two low-cost micrometer stages coupled to stepper motors operated in open-loop mode. The microscope is composed of a low-cost CMOS sensor and low-cost board lenses placed in a 4f configuration. The system has approximately 1 micron resolution, limited by the f/# of available board lenses. The microscope is compact, measuring just 25×25×30 cm, and has an absolute positioning accuracy of ±1 μm in the X and Y directions. A Z-stage enables autofocusing and imaging over large fields of view even on non-planar samples, and custom software enables automatic determination of sample boundaries and image mosaicking. We demonstrate the utility of our device through imaging of fluorescent- and transmission-dye stained blood and fecal smears containing human and animal parasites, as well as several prepared tissue samples. These results demonstrate image quality comparable to high-end commercial microscopes at a cost of less than US$400 for a bright-field system, with an extra US$100 needed for the fluorescence module.

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Development of inexpensive blood imaging systems: where are we now?

Cited by 9 publications

References 79 publications

A new red cell index and portable RBC analyzer for screening of iron deficiency and Thalassemia minor in a Chinese population

A new red cell index and portable RBC analyzer for screening of iron deficiency and Thalassemia minor in a Chinese population

Multiparameter mobile blood analyzer for complete blood count utilizing contrast-enhanced defocusing imaging

A modular, open-source, slide-scanning microscope for diagnostic applications in resource-constrained settings

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