Development of Insecticide Resistance in Field Populations of <I>Brevicoryne brassicae</I> (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Pakistan

Abstract

Cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a serious pest of crucifers in Pakistan. After incidences of poor control by recommended insecticides, the current study was undertaken to find out the status of insecticide resistance in Pakistani B. brassicae. Apterous adult aphids were bioassayed from 2006 to 2010 for their response to 12 insecticides using an adult immersion method. No or very low levels of resistance was found to endosulfan; and the organophosphates: chlorpyrifos and profenofos. Resistance to methomyl; emamectin benzoate; the pyrethroids: cypermethrin, lambdacyhalothrin, bifenthrin and deltamethrin; and the neonicotinoids: imidacloprid, acetamiprid, and thiamethoxam; increased progressively in concurrence with their regular use on vegetables. B. brassicae resistance to these insecticides remained very low to low in 2007 and 2008, but then it increased to moderate to high levels in 2009 (except cypermethrin and bifenthrin) and 2010. Under heavy infestations of this aphid, the application of insecticides having no, very low and low resistance is recommended in rotation.

Effects of Synthetic Insecticides and Crude Botanicals Extracts on Cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Cabbage

“…They reported that the treated insect with Azadirachta indica extract usually cannot molt to its next life stage and dies within a few days and acts primarily as a repellent when applied to a plant, and may kill an insect within 24 hrs ( Table 2). The obtained results were in agreement with those of Ahmad and Akhtar [18]. They reported that aphids developed resistance against chemical insecticides including pyrethroids (cypermethrin, lambdacyhalothrin, bifenthrin and deltamethrin) and neonicotinoids (imidacloprid, acetamiprid, and thiamethoxam).…”

Enhancing growth, phytochemical constituents and aphid resistance capacity in cabbage with foliar application of eckol – a biologically active phenolic molecule from brown seaweed

“…However, regular use of chemical pesticides including methomyl, emamectin benzoate and pyrethroids has led to the aphids developing resistance to most of these chemicals [3]. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides accumulate in plants and plant products, causing health problems in humans due to biomagnifications [4].…”

Plant-associatedBacillusspp. alter life-history traits of the specialist insectBrevicoryne brassicaeL.

“…The use of pesticides is currently a widely adopted strategy to manage B. brassicae field infestations. Such excessive pesticide usage on directly consumed, short‐duration vegetable crops ahead of harvest could harm human and ecosystem health (Theiling & Croft, ) and contributes to the development of rapid resistance to insecticides (Ahmad & Akhtar, ). The use of Bacillus as a potential indirect biological control agent of cabbage aphids has not been explored.…”