Development of Key Performance Indicators for Capturing Impact of Pharmaceutical Care in Palestinian Integrative Healthcare Facilities: A Delphi Consensus Study

Abstract

Background. The current study was performed to develop a consensus-based core inventory of key performance indicators (KPIs) to be used in capturing the impact of pharmaceutical care in healthcare facilities that employ integrative medicine paradigm in Palestine. Methods. A panel of healthcare professionals and risk/quality assurance managers was composed employing a judgmental sampling technique. The study tool was a questionnaire. Views and opinions of the panelists on the roles of pharmacists in caring for patients admitted to or visiting healthcare facilities that employ integrative medicine were collected using 11 statements. An initial inventory of activities and services that potentially can be used as KPIs was compiled from the literature and interviews with key contact experts in the domain. Three iterative Delphi rounds were conducted among the panelists (n = 50) to achieve formal consensus on the KPIs that should be used. The consensus-based KPIs were ordered by the scores of the panelists. Results. A total of 8 consensus-based KPIs were developed. The KPIs related to the number of problems related to medications and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) that were resolved by pharmacists and CAM practitioners (p < 0.0001), number of patients for whom reconciliations were documented (p < 0.0001), number of patients receiving direct, comprehensive, and/or collaborative care (p < 0.0001), and number of patients for whom pharmacists and CAM practitioners were involved in implementing a therapeutic plan (p < 0.05) were rated significantly higher than the KPI (#8) related to the participation in multi-healthcare provider discussions/deliberations. Conclusions. Consensus-based KPIs that can be used in capturing the impact of evidence-based CAM and pharmaceutical care of patients in healthcare facilities that employ integrative medicine paradigm were developed. Future studies are still needed to investigate if implementing these KPIs might promote evidence-based CAM and pharmaceutical care in healthcare facilities that employ the integrative medicine paradigm.

Development of consensus-based aims, contents, intended learning outcomes, teaching, and evaluation methods for a history of medicine and pharmacy course for medical and pharmacy students in the Arab world: a Delphi study

“…Course objectives and intended learning outcomes that were collected from the literature search and from the qualitative interviews were included into a questionnaire [ 10 , 12 , 17 ]. The questionnaire was composed of 3 sections.…”

“…Based on the votes of the panelists, the principal investigator proposed the course overview, teaching, and evaluation methods. The proposed plan was sent to the panelists for review and comments [ 17 ]. The panelists were asked to submit their detailed review and comments on the proposed the course overview, teaching, and evaluation methods.…”

“…However, previous studies used panels in the sizes from 10 to 1000. It has been argued that the process of panelists selection is one of the most sensitive steps in the Delphi technique [12][13][14][15][16][17]. Prior knowledge of the topic being investigated is often a prerequisite for selection into a Delphi panel.…”

“…In this study, the definition of consensus was informed by previous studies in the domain [12][13][14][15][16][17]: 1) when the median vote of the panelists was within the range 7-9 and the interquartile range was < 2, consensus was said to have been achieved and the aim or intended learning outcome was included in the final list of aims and intended learning outcomes of the course, 2) when the median vote the panelists was within the range 1-3 and the interquartile range was ≤2, consensus was said to have been achieved and the aim or intended learning outcome was excluded from the final list of aims and intended learning outcomes of the course, and 3) when the median score was within the range 4-6 and/or the IQR was > 2, the item was considered as equivocal. In this study, it was decided a priori that all equivocal items would be subjected to subsequent iterative Delphi round.…”

The Managerial Implications of the Key Performance Indicators in Healthcare Sector: A Cluster Analysis

“…Ramzi Shawahna [ 29 ], (p. 2) affirms that KPIs “are often developed for capturing the performance of healthcare providers and the provision of services. These KPIs are supposed to monitor if healthcare services were provided with consistency and efficiency”.…”