Development of knowledge about means of egress

Pauls, Jake

doi:10.1007/bf02384148

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Similarities have been noted across the globe [7], albeit that some stair widths are based on the number of occupants served on an individual floor whilst others are determined by the total number of occupants deemed likely to use them [7]. According to Pauls [6,11] the minimum stair widths proposed in US codes (44 in or 1120 mm) have their origins in work conducted in the early 1900s with underlying assumptions of flows of 45 people per unit width (22 in.) per minute.…”

Section: Current Design Guidance and Performance Based Designmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Detailed historical reviews of the evolution of emergency egress provision in relation to storey exit sizing and stair widths in both the US and UK have been presented previously [6][7][8][9]. Similarities have been noted across the globe [7], albeit that some stair widths are based on the number of occupants served on an individual floor whilst others are determined by the total number of occupants deemed likely to use them [7].…”

Section: Current Design Guidance and Performance Based Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, in countries with functional regulations, design decisions are supported by safety analyses involving engineering calculations related to movement and the use of computer evacuation models [4,5]. The generalized nature of prescriptive codes has arguably ne cessitated the adoption of assumptions regarding flows and suitable flow times but these have their origins in research/events from many decades ago [6][7][8]. Furthermore, the most significant data sets used in engineering analysis of movement are derived from research conducted mainly between the 1950s and 1980s [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Safe evacuation for all - Fact or Fantasy? Past experiences, current understanding and future challenges

Boyce

2017

Fire Safety Journal

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Statistics show that significant proportions of our global populations have a disability. Demographically we are an ageing and an increasingly obese society which, with increased accessibility, means that buildings are likely to be frequented by an ever increasing proportion of persons with reduced mobility. There is therefore a need to ensure that we can provide an accessible means of egress and a safe evacuation for all. Design guidance related to exit widths varies internationally but in the main has its origins in studies conducted with populations who were able bodied and fit. Furthermore the relationships between speed/density/flow used in hand calculations and computer models have been recognised as being outdated and not necessarily reflective of society today. This paper considers the evacuation of mixed ability populations in the context of increasing accessibility and changing demographics, reviews the basis for current design guidance and explores the design options for persons with reduced mobility. The current understanding of the evacuation capabilities of persons with reduced mobility is critically assessed and lessons from real evacuation experiences and other studies of mixed ability populations are drawn. In so doing, the sufficiency of current design guidance and challenges associated with implementing current approaches are considered and gaps in understanding and future research needs identified.

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Section: Current Design Guidance and Performance Based Designmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Current Design Guidance and Performance Based Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Safe evacuation for all - Fact or Fantasy? Past experiences, current understanding and future challenges

Boyce

2017

Fire Safety Journal

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“…The historical development of carrying capacity investigations has been already broadly reviewed by F.Stah1 and J.Archea (13), (14), J.Pauls (15), (16), and by the author (17), in several publications. Nevertheless, it might be very useful to remind some of these investigations, especially of those made by Togawa.…”

Section: Flow Models Based On the Carrying Capacity Of Independent Egmentioning

confidence: 99%

Means of escape ‐ 1988. How close are we to modelling egress from buildings in fire?

Kendik¹

1988

Fire and Materials

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During the last twenty years a number design methods for calculating the movement of people in buildings have been developed. This presentation briefly reviews some of these modelling efforts. Furthermore, it discusses some aspects of the pedestrian movement and adresses an egress model based on the data provided by Predtechenskii and Milinski. This model is applicable to the evacuation of multi-storey buildings via staircases and predicts the flow movement in terms of time with regard to the building's layout and the interdependencies between adjacent egress way elements. EESCAPE (Emergency Escape) is a computer program based on this model, written in GWBasic language for any IBM-compatible personal computer. The program is built up as a dialogue between the user and the computer, where the escape route configurations (the width and the length of each section) as well as the number of the persons are put gradually during the course of the computation. The program enables the user to change the dimensions of the building's means of escape and the occupant load easily and work out the influence of the variation on the complete circulation system. Recently, the program also calculates the flow movement under decreased visibility conditions on smoke filled escape routes based on japanese measurements about the walking speed of pedestrians in fire smoke.

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“…Apesar de, em muitos casos, esta forma de evacuação resultar num tempo total de evacuação menor que se comparada a outros métodos, devido à organização necessária para realizar a evacuação de uma forma controlada (Pauls, 1987), o risco ao qual a população é submetida e o número de feridos durante o processo é maior que em evacuações organizadas como, por exemplo, a evacuação faseada pois grande parte dos acidentes acontece devido à disputa por espaços em rotas de evacuação (Pauls, 1984).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Resolução de um problema de evacuação predial faseada.

Rodrigues¹

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This dissertation studies the evacuation of people, more specifically, building phased evacuation. The objective of this study is to determine, for buildings of up to 25 floors, in which instants each group of people has to be released, in order to minimize the total evacuation time. Furthermore, the determination of these instants has to consider the risk to which each group of people is submitted, thus the affected floor has to be the first group to be released. In addition, conflicts for space between groups should be avoided, since such situations increase the occurrences of accidents. To achieve this goal, an integer linear programming model was designed. Due to the high complexity of the model, it was necessary to apply heuristics to obtain solutions for some instances. Therefore, a search heuristic based on GRASP and a lagrangian heuristic were developed. Despite the fact that the lagrangian heuristic attests to the quality of the solution (when it is compared to the lower bound), the search heuristic was considered more suitable for this problem because it provided quality results with lower computational efforts.

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Development of knowledge about means of egress

Cited by 9 publications

References 8 publications

Safe evacuation for all - Fact or Fantasy? Past experiences, current understanding and future challenges

Safe evacuation for all - Fact or Fantasy? Past experiences, current understanding and future challenges

Means of escape ‐ 1988. How close are we to modelling egress from buildings in fire?

Resolução de um problema de evacuação predial faseada.

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