Development of Large-area Lithium-drifted Silicon Detectors for the GAPS Experiment

Kozai, M.; Fuke, H.; Yamada, Minoru; Erjavec, T.; Hailey, Charles J.; Kato, C.; Madden, N.; Munakata, K.; Perez, K.; Rogers, F.; Saffold, N.; Shimizu, Yuki; Tokuda, K.; Xiao, M.

doi:10.1109/nssmic.2018.8824342

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This paper discusses the performance of the first GAPS flight-geometry detectors. An overview of the production process, including the baseline detector performance and yield, are described in [20]. Here, we demonstrate that both the flight-geometry 8-strip design and the alternate 4-strip design are capable of delivering the X-ray energy resolution and particle tracking performance required for a GAPS flight, given proper choice of pulse shaping and readout electronics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Details of the Shimadzu fabrication technique and process yield are reported separately [20,21]. The Shimadzu detectors differ from the SEMIKON detectors in their ability to use silicon substrate from SUMCO Corporation (rather than more costly substrate from Topsil Semiconductor Materials), their larger grooves machined using the easier and simpler technique of ultrasonic impact grinding (rather than more costly plasma-etched grooves), their top-hat geometry (rather than inverted-T, as defined in [22]) which allows for simpler preparation of exposed surfaces, their readout from the n + -side (rather than p-side), and in the thin undrifted layer on the p-side, which has proven critical to suppressing leakage currents in these large-area and high temperature detectors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Large-area Si(Li) detectors for X-ray spectrometry and particle tracking in the GAPS experiment

et al. 2019

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Large-area lithium-drifted silicon (Si(Li)) detectors, operable 150 • C above liquid nitrogen temperature, have been developed for the General Antiparticle Spectrometer (GAPS) balloon mission and will form the first such system to operate in space. These 10 cm-diameter, 2.5 mm-thick multi-strip detectors have been verified in the lab to provide < 4 keV FWHM energy resolution for X-rays as well as tracking capability for charged particles, while operating in conditions (∼-40C and ∼1 Pa) achievable on a long-duration balloon mission with a large detector payload. These characteristics enable the GAPS silicon tracker system to identify cosmic antinuclei via a novel technique based on exotic atom formation, de-excitation, and annihilation. Production and large-scale calibration of ∼1000 detectors has begun for the first GAPS flight, scheduled for late 2021. The detectors developed for GAPS may also have other applications, for example in heavy nuclei identification. Manuscript

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large-area Si(Li) detectors for X-ray spectrometry and particle tracking in the GAPS experiment

et al. 2019

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“…Each Si(Li) wafer has 4inch diameter and 2.5 mm thickness and is segmented into 8 strips. [25][26][27][28] The Si(Li) detector serves as a degrader, a depth sensing detector, a stopping target to form an exotic atom, an X-ray spectrometer and a charged particle tracker. In order to distinguish antideuteronic X-rays from antiprotonic X-rays, the energy resolution for X-rays should be better than ∼4 keV, which is achievable at operating temperatures of ∼-40 • C.…”

Section: Instrument Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Machine Learning to the Particle Identification of GAPS

Wada

Fuke

Shimizu

et al. 2020

AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY JAPAN

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GAPS is an international balloon-borne project that contributes to solving the dark-matter mystery through a highly sensitive survey of cosmic-ray antiparticles, especially undiscovered antideuterons. To achieve a sufficient sensitivity to rare antideuterons, a novel particle identification method based on exotic atom capture and decay has been d eveloped. In parallel to utilizing this unique event signature in a conventional likelihood-based event identification scheme, we have begun investigating a complementary approach using a machine learning technique. In this new approach, a deep-learning package is trained on a large amount of input data from simulated antiparticle events through a multi-layered neural network. By applying this unbiased approach, we expect to mine unknown patterns and give feedback to the conventional method. In this paper, we report results from exploratory investigations that illustrate the promise of this new approach.

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“…The strips of each detector plane are all oriented in the same direction and are arranged orthogonally for alternate planes. The silicon detector array is ten layers deep and each tracking plane is composed of 12×12 Si(Li) wafers [5].…”

Section: The Si(li) Trackermentioning

confidence: 99%

Front-end Electronics for the GAPS Tracker

Scotti¹,

Boiano²,

Fabris³

et al. 2019

Proceedings of 36th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2019)

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The General Antiparticle Spectrometer (GAPS) is an Antarctic balloon-borne mission to indirectly search for dark matter through sensitive observation of cosmic antiparticles. The first flight is planned for late 2021. GAPS is the first experiment optimized specifically for detection of low-energy (< 0.25 GeV/n) antideuterons, which are recognized as distinctive signals from dark matter annihilation or decay in the Galactic halo. To achieve high sensitivity to cosmic antinuclei in this low-energy range, GAPS uses a novel particle identification method based on exotic atom capture and decay. The GAPS instrument consists of ten planes of 1440 10 cm-diameter, 2.5 mm-thick, 8-strip lithium drifted silicon (Si(Li)) detectors, which constitutes the tracker, surrounded by a plastic scintillator time-of-flight system. A new fabrication technique has been developed to satisfy the stringent requirements of the mission. In this contribution, we describe the front-end electronics of the tracker of GAPS. The system is composed of front-end ASICs and power supplies. The ASICs provide readout and digitization of the signal (with an 11-bit ADC) in a wide dynamic range (10 keV-100 MeV). Every ASIC has 32 channels and performs the readout for 4 detectors, for a total amount of 11520 channels. The ASIC analog front-end is based on a dynamic compression technique to handle a large range of signal amplitudes and features a low noise performance, achieving the required 4 keV resolution at low energies. The power system supplies both bias voltages for the Si(Li) detectors and low voltages for the electronics.

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Development of Large-area Lithium-drifted Silicon Detectors for the GAPS Experiment

Cited by 8 publications

References 21 publications

Large-area Si(Li) detectors for X-ray spectrometry and particle tracking in the GAPS experiment

Large-area Si(Li) detectors for X-ray spectrometry and particle tracking in the GAPS experiment

Application of Machine Learning to the Particle Identification of GAPS

Front-end Electronics for the GAPS Tracker

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