Development of large-scale hydrogen liquefaction processes from 1898 to 2009

Krasae-in, Songwut; Stang, John; Nekså, Petter

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.02.109

Cited by 271 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…To compress the entire usable mass of 243 000 kg a power demand of 435 MWh is needed and the specific efficiency at 30 bar drops to 75.2%. Improving the exergy efficiency of the liquefaction process to 50%, which is postulated in some theoretical concepts [79], results in a much higher storage efficiency at 1.5 and 30 bar of 84.3% and 81.8%, respectively.…”

Section: Technical Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Currently, only a few plants exist worldwide, with more than nine located in the USA, four in Europe, and eleven in Asia, with production capacities ranging from 5-34, 5-10, and 0.3-11.3 t d 1 , respectively. The exergy efficiencies of these plants are 20-30%, but there are some proposed conceptual plants with efficiencies of 40-50% [79]. For future large-scale hydrogen production it is especially important to increase the liquefaction capacity and to lower the specific power requirements by process optimization and new techniques [33].…”

Section: Hydrogen Liquefactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the power demand is also highest. With an exergy efficiency of 30%, which represents good state-of-the-art liquefaction processes [79], and an inlet feed pressure of 30 bar the specific power demand for liquefaction is approximately 9.2 kWh kg 1 according to References [71,95]. In the calculation of storage efficiency, only the energy demand that is required to load and unload the same amount of hydrogen is considered.…”

Section: Technical Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Bulk Storage Vessels for Compressed and Liquid Hydrogen

Tietze

Luhr

Stolten

2016

Hydrogen Science and Engineering : Materials, Processes, Systems and Technology

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Section: Technical Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Hydrogen Liquefactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Technical Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Bulk Storage Vessels for Compressed and Liquid Hydrogen

Tietze

Luhr

Stolten

2016

Hydrogen Science and Engineering : Materials, Processes, Systems and Technology

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“…In order to produce such quantities, several parallel LH2 modules would have to be installed. It should be noted in this context that he largest existing LH2 plants today are capable of producing around 10 tonnes of LH2/day [42].…”

Section: -Process Performance With H2 Liquefactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-purity H2 production with CO2 capture based on coal gasification

Jordal

Anantharaman

Peters

et al. 2015

Energy

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A novel hybrid concept is proposed, combining Pd-alloy membrane and low temperature separation technology, to produce pure H2 from gasified coal and capture the main part of the generated CO2. 75% of the H2 produced from gasification and water-gas shift is separated from the shifted syngas through H2-selective Pd-alloy membranes. After water removal, the H2-depleted, CO2-rich retentate stream is compressed and cooled, after which CO2 is condensed out at a purity level of ~99%. The "waste" volatiles from the low-temperature CO2 separation constitute a low heating value syngas that is burnt in a gas turbine. The gas turbine with a steam bottoming cycle generates a surplus of electricity that could be employed for H2 liquefaction. Altogether, the concept has the potential to be developed into a stand-alone high-purity H2 production unit with CO2 capture, suitable e.g. for remote areas from where H2 and possibly also CO2 must be transported by ship. However, the investigations of three different process alternatives, as well as three membrane separator parameters, illustrate that there are many degrees of freedom in the proposed concept that require further analysis, both individually and how they interact, in order to establish an optimized and purposeful stand-alone H2 production concept.

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“…Today's large H2 liquefaction plants as well as recently proposed process concepts [12] typically use continuous gas flows, a few compressor stages, several counter flow heat exchangers (recuperators), liquid nitrogen or multi-component refrigerants' pre-cooling, expansion turbines, catalysts for the conversion of the Ortho-(S ¼ 1) to the Para-(S ¼ 0) spin state of H2 [13] and a Joule-Thomson expansion valve for the final liquefaction. Usually several gas recycles are needed to provide cooling power at all intermediate temperatures and to facilitate the O-Pconversion.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%