Development of LoRa Communication System for Effective Transmission of Data from Underground Coal Mines

Kumar, Paul Prasanna; Paul, Partha Sarathi; Ananda, M. B.

doi:10.3390/pr11061691

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The loss increases at higher frequencies, which is why 433 MHz-based devices have been used for experiments within the proposed study for low data rates and high-range applications. The prior studies contain propagation measurements at the 433 MHz band conducted in various environments, such as underground to underground and underground to above-ground communication, but not in underground mine environments [1,2,4,5,12]. Prior research does not contain radio models for different cross-sections of underground mines and tunnels in different structural layouts [18,19].…”

Section: Proposed Radio Link Model For Underground Minesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Radio wave propagation in underground tunnels and mines has been studied extensively over the last few decades. Radio wave signal strength naturally decreases when the propagation distance increases [1][2][3]. For underground mines, the spatial structure is more complex than the above-ground scenario, which makes the phenomena of multi-path and propagation loss more prevalent [2,3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Radio Link Model for Node Deployment in Underground Mine Sensor Networks

et al. 2023

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This paper presents an experimental characterization of the proposed radio link model for an underground mine sensor network. Power efficiency and range are critical factors to consider when designing a wireless sensor network, particularly for low data rate applications where the goal is to have a long-lasting, low-maintenance network. A ‘deploy and forget’ strategy is desirable because it allows the network to operate autonomously without requiring frequent maintenance or intervention from network operators. DASH7 and IEEE 802.15.4f are both excellent choices for low-power, long-range wireless sensor networking applications. The proposed radio link model was developed and evaluated for 433 MHz DASH7 in underground mines, considering the practical electromagnetic properties of mine walls and the propagation medium, which helps in calculating accurate signal characteristics. Radio wave propagation is a critical factor that needs to be considered when designing a wireless sensor network for complex mine structures. The received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and packet error rate (PER) are two key parameters that are used to measure wave propagation and assess the quality of the radio link between sensor nodes. The radio link design has been optimized for complex mine structures by utilizing these parameters in a model, leading to improved performance and reliability. The measurements were carried out in the world’s second largest salt mine at Khewra, Pakistan, with representative irregular mine structures. The RSSI and PER were measured at different node positions and with variable separation between the nodes. The proposed model allows for the easy placement of nodes on either the rooftop or near the side walls of the mine corridors, with an average variation of 6% in RSSI and 1.9% in PER. The proposed model was validated using off-the-shelf wizzi sensor nodes received from Wizzi Lab, France, and was programmed to measure RSSI and PER while operating under the 433 MHz DASH7 protocol. An agreement between modeled and measured parameters has been noted, making the proposed model a decent method for efficient node deployment in underground mine sensor networks.

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Section: Proposed Radio Link Model For Underground Minesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radio Link Model for Node Deployment in Underground Mine Sensor Networks

et al. 2023

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“…This categorization is motivated by the necessity to align with prevalent propagation models employed in communication systems for path loss characterization. Examples of models that address other types of propagation media, such as indoor–outdoor propagation [ 15 ] or underground propagation [ 16 ], are beyond the scope of the objectives of this study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of the Propagation Models Employed in LoRa Systems

Azevedo,

Mendonça

2024

Sensors

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LoRa systems are emerging as a promising technology for wireless sensor networks due to their exceptional range and low power consumption. The successful deployment of LoRa networks relies on accurate propagation models to facilitate effective network planning. Therefore, this review explores the landscape of propagation models supporting LoRa networks. Specifically, we examine empirical propagation models commonly employed in communication systems, assessing their applicability across various environments such as outdoor, indoor, and within vegetation. Our investigation underscores the prevalence of logarithmic decay in most empirical models. In addition, we survey the relationship between model parameters and environmental factors, clearing their nuanced interplay. Analyzing published measurement results, we extract the log-distance model parameters to decipher environmental influences comprehensively. Drawing insights from published measurement results for LoRa, we compare them with the model’s outcomes, highlighting successes and limitations. We additionally explore the application of multi-slope models to LoRa measurements to evaluate its effectiveness in enhancing the accuracy of path loss prediction. Finally, we propose new lines for future research in propagation modelling to improve empirical models.

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“…The feasibility of LoRa-based networks has been evaluated in various monitoring applications [10,11]. However, for them to be widely deployed, a number of challenges need to be addressed, in particular link coordination, reliable transmission, and resource allocation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design Considerations and Performance Evaluation of Gossip Routing in LoRa-Based Linear Networks

Liaqat,

Branch,

But

2023

Future Internet

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Linear networks (sometimes called chain-type networks) occur frequently in Internet of Things (IoT) applications, where sensors or actuators are deployed along pipelines, roads, railways, mines, and international borders. LoRa, short for Long Range, is an increasingly important technology for the IoT with great potential for linear networking. Despite its potential, limited research has explored LoRa’s implementation in such networks. In this paper, we addressed two important issues related to LoRa linear networks. The first is contention, when multiple nodes attempt to access a shared channel. Although originally designed to deal with interference, LoRa’s technique of synchronisation with a transmission node permits a novel approach to contention, which we explored. The second issue revolves around routing, where linear networks permit simpler strategies, in contrast to the common routing complexities of mesh networks. We present gossip routing as a very lightweight approach to routing. All our evaluations were carried out using real equipment by developing real networks. We constructed networks of up to three hops in length and up to three nodes in width. We carried out experiments looking at contention and routing. We demonstrate using the novel approach that we could achieve up to 98% throughput. We compared its performance considering collocated scenarios that achieved 84% and 89% throughputby using relay widths of two and three at each hop, respectively. Lastly, we demonstrate the effectiveness of gossip routing by using various transmission probabilities. We noticed high performance up to 98% throughputat Tprob = 0.90 and Tprob = 0.80 by employing two and three active relay nodes, respectively. The experimental result showed that, at Tprob = 0.40, it achieved an average performance of 62.8% and 73.77% by using two and three active relay nodes, respectively. We concluded that LoRa is an excellent technology for Internet of Things applications where sensors and actuators are deployed in an approximately linear fashion.

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Development of LoRa Communication System for Effective Transmission of Data from Underground Coal Mines

Cited by 5 publications

References 32 publications

Radio Link Model for Node Deployment in Underground Mine Sensor Networks

Radio Link Model for Node Deployment in Underground Mine Sensor Networks

A Critical Review of the Propagation Models Employed in LoRa Systems

Design Considerations and Performance Evaluation of Gossip Routing in LoRa-Based Linear Networks

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