Development of <em>Phaleria macrocarpa</em> (Scheff.) Boerl Fruits Using Response Surface Methodology On Phenolic, Flavonoid and Antioxidants Properties

Abstract

Abstract:In this study, the optimal condition for the extraction of antioxidants from the fruit Buah Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) was determined by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The optimization was applied using central composite design (CCD) to investigate the three independent variables, namely extraction temperature ( o C), extraction time (minutes) and extraction solvent to-feed ratio (%v/v) on the responses of free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), ferric ion reducing power assay (FRAP), total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC).The optimal conditions for the antioxidants extraction were found to be extraction temperature (64 o C), extraction time (66 minutes) and solvent to-feed ratio (75 %v/v) with the highest percentage yield of DPPH, FRAP, TPC and TFC were 86.85%, 7.47%, 292.86 mg/g and 3.22 mg/g respectively. Moreover, the data were subjected to response surface methodology (RSM) and the results showed that the polynomial equations for all models were significant, did not show lack of fit, and presented adjusted determination coefficients (R 2 ) above 99%, proving the yield of phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidants activities obtained experimentally were close to the predicted values and the suitability of the model employed in RSM to optimize the extraction conditions. Hence, in this study, the fruit from P.macrocarpa could be considered to have the strong antioxidant ability and can be used in various cosmeceutical or medicinal applications.Keywords: Phaleria macrocarpa; extraction; free radical scavenging activity (DPPH); ferric ion reducing power assay (FRAP); total phenolic content (TPC); total flavonoid content (TFC); response surface methodology (RSM) IntroductionNowadays, natural and healthy lifestyle has become the attention of people worldwide since 2000, and there is a thriving attention in the natural bioactive compound in the human diet or applied as natural medicines (Gong et al. 2012). The medicinal properties have been investigated in the recent scientific evolution all over the world due to abundance of antioxidant properties, no side effects and economic viability (Kumar et al. 2007). Besides, traditional uses of plants are the main preferences for research because medicine from plants have good advantages such as low toxicity, low cost, fewer side effect and easy to obtain if it is used in right dose. One of the plants is Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl, belongs to Thymelaeceae family and widely known as 'Crown of God', 'Mahkota Dewa'and 'Pau'. It is a native plant from the tropical areas of Papua Island, Indonesia and grows up to 5-18 m tall. It can be found up to 1200 m above the sea level (Winarto, 2003). It is a complete tree with stem, leaves, flowers and fruits. The leaves are green and acuminate with length and diameter range from 7-10 cm and 3-5 cm approximately. The flowers can make compounds of 2-4 with colors from green to maroon. The pit is round, white and poisonous (Sufi A, 2007). The fruits are green when they are not ripen a...