Development of Magnesium-Dominant Soils Under Irrigated Agriculture in Southern Kazakhstan

Karimov, Akmal; Qadir, Manzoor; Noble, Andrew; Vyshpolsky, F.F.; Anzelm, K.

doi:10.1016/s1002-0160(09)60124-7

Cited by 33 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…Excess levels of magnesium in soils, in combination with sodium or alone, result in soil degradation because of the specific effects of magnesium on the soil's physical properties (Qadir and Schubert, 2002;Karimov et al, 2009). Magnesium-affected soils contain an exchangeable magnesium percentage (EMP) in the range of 25 to 45% (Garcia-Ocampo, 2003), and in some cases, this is as high as 60% (Vyshpolsky et al, 2008).…”

Section: Rationale and Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are examples from irrigation schemes worldwide where excess levels of magnesium on the soil's cation exchange complex have resulted in soil degradation and formation of magnesium-affected soils (Garcia-Ocampo, 2003;Karimov et al, 2009). For example in the Kazakhstan part of the Aral Sea Basin in Central Asia, more than 140,000 ha have these degraded soils (Vyshpolsky et al, 2008), i.e.…”

Section: Rationale and Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With low infiltration rate and hydraulic conductivity, these soils form large dense clods during the postirrigation drying phase, which impact the water flow rate. The consequence of using magnesium-affected soils for agricultural production without suitable management practices has been a gradual decline in crop productivity and yield (Vyshpolsky et al, 2008;Karimov et al, 2009). …”

Section: Rationale and Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential business opportunities from saline water and salt-affected land resources

Qadir¹,

Noble²,

Karajeh³

et al. 2015

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Resource Recovery and Reuse (RRR) is a sub-program of the CGIAR ResearchProgram on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) dedicated to applied research on the safe recovery of water, nutrients and energy from domestic and agro-industrial waste streams. This SRP aims to create impact through different lines of action research, including (i) developing and testing scalable RRR business models, (ii) assessing and mitigating risks from RRR for public health and the environment, (iii) supporting public and private entities with innovative approaches for the safe reuse of wastewater and organic waste, and (iv) improving rural-urban linkages and resource allocations while minimizing the negative urban footprint on the peri-urban environment. This sub-program works closely with the World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), United Nations University (UNU), and many national and international partners across the globe. The RRR series of documents present summaries and reviews of the sub-program's research and resulting application guidelines, targeting development experts and others in the research for development continuum. He is a water and soil management scientist with a focus on developing countries, and interests in water recycling and the safe and productive use of wastewater, water quality and environmental health, and amelioration of salt-induced land degradation. He has implemented multi-disciplinary projects and directed research teams in Central and West Asia, and North Africa. Manzoor has more than 100 peerreviewed publications to his credit. He serves on the editorial boards of four international journals. Science with a human face

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Section: Rationale and Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rationale and Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rationale and Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential business opportunities from saline water and salt-affected land resources

Qadir¹,

Noble²,

Karajeh³

et al. 2015

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“…There are emerging examples from irrigation schemes worldwide where excess levels of Mg 2+ on the cation exchange complex result in soil degradation through a decline in soil physical properties (Garcia‐Ocampo, 2003; Qadir and De Pauw, 2007). For example in Kazakhstan part of the Aral Sea Basin, Western Asia, more than 140,000 ha fall under such type of degraded soils and irrigation water contains higher levels of Mg 2+ than Ca 2+ , suggesting Mg 2+ :Ca 2+ ratios greater than 1 (Vyshpolsky et al ., 2008; Karimov et al ., 2009). More than 30 per cent of the irrigated area in southern Kazakhstan is dominated by these soils that have exchangeable magnesium percentage (EMP) in the range of 25–45 per cent, and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) remains below 2 per cent (Vyshpolsky et al ., 2010).…”

Section: Productivity Enhancement Of Marginal Soils In Dry Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adapting to Climate Change by Improving Water Productivity of Soils in Dry Areas

2011

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Considering extreme events of climate change and declining availability of appropriate quality water and/or highly productive soil resources for agriculture in dryland regions, the need to produce more food, forage and fibre will necessitate the effective utilization of marginal‐quality water and soil resources. Recent research and practices have demonstrated that effective utilization of these natural resources in dry areas can improve agricultural productivity per unit area and per unit water applied. This paper focuses on the following three case studies as examples: (1) low productivity soils affected by high levels of magnesium in soil solution and on the cation exchange complex; (2) degraded sandy soils under rainfed conditions characterized by low water‐holding capacity, organic matter and clay content and (3) abandoned irrigated soils with elevated levels of salts inhibiting growth of income generating crops. The results of these studies demonstrate that application of calcium‐supplying phosphogypsum to high‐magnesium soils, addition of clays to light textured degraded soils and phytoremediation of abandoned salt‐affected soils significantly improved productivity of these soils. Furthermore, under most circumstances, these interventions were economically viable, revealing that the efficient use of marginal‐quality water and soil resources has the potential to improve livelihoods amid growing populations in dry areas while reversing the natural resource degradation trend. However, considerably more investment and policy‐level interventions are needed to tackle soil degradation/remediation issues across both irrigated and dryland agricultural environments if the major challenge of producing enough food, forage and fibre is to be met. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…Upon drying during the post-irrigation phase, these soils form massive clods, which influence water flow rates. The use of high-magnesium soils and waters for agriculture without suitable management practices has resulted in a gradual decline in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yields in the affected areas with a concomitant decline in incomes of farmers who are dependent on this crop for their livelihoods (Bekbaev et al, 2005;Karimov et al, 2009).…”

Section: Land Degradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salt‐induced land and water degradation in the Aral Sea basin: A challenge to sustainable agriculture in Central Asia

Qadir

Noble²,

Qureshi

et al. 2009

Natural Resources Forum

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Expansion of irrigated agriculture in the Aral Sea Basin in the second half of the twentieth century led to the conversion of vast tracks of virgin land into productive agricultural systems resulting in significant increases in employment opportunities and income generation. The positive effects of the development of irrigated agriculture were replete with serious environmental implications. Excessive use of irrigation water coupled with inadequate drainage systems has caused large‐scale land degradation and water quality deterioration in downstream parts of the basin, which is fed by two main rivers, the Amu‐Darya and Syr‐Darya. Recent estimates suggest that more than 50% of irrigated soils are salt‐affected and/or waterlogged in Central Asia. Considering the availability of natural and human resources in the Aral Sea Basin as well as the recent research addressing soil and water management, there is cause for cautious optimism. Research‐based interventions that have shown significant promise in addressing this impasse include: (1) rehabilitation of abandoned salt‐affected lands through halophytic plant species; (2) introduction of 35‐day‐old early maturing rice varieties to withstand ambient soil and irrigation water salinity; (3) productivity enhancement of high‐magnesium soils and water resources through calcium‐based soil amendments; (4) use of certain tree species as biological pumps to lower elevated groundwater levels in waterlogged areas; (5) optimal use of fertilizers, particularly those supplying nitrogen, to mitigate the adverse effects of soil and irrigation water salinity; (6) mulching of furrows under saline conditions to reduce evaporation and salinity buildup in the root zone; and (7) establishment of multipurpose tree and shrub species for biomass and renewable energy production. Because of water withdrawals for agriculture from two main transboundary rivers in the Aral Sea Basin, there would be a need for policy level interventions conducive for enhancing interstate cooperation to transform salt‐affected soil and saline water resources from an environmental and productivity constraint into an economic asset.

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Development of Magnesium-Dominant Soils Under Irrigated Agriculture in Southern Kazakhstan

Cited by 33 publications

References 11 publications

Potential business opportunities from saline water and salt-affected land resources

Potential business opportunities from saline water and salt-affected land resources

Adapting to Climate Change by Improving Water Productivity of Soils in Dry Areas

Salt‐induced land and water degradation in the Aral Sea basin: A challenge to sustainable agriculture in Central Asia

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