Development of Mercury and Hydrogen Chloride Emission Monitors for Coal Gasifiers

Norton, G.A.; Eckels, D.E.; Chriswell, Colin D.

doi:10.2172/797628

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In contrast with our results above, Norton et al [25] employed an azeotrope of HCl under a condition except the azeotopic point. This is probably the main cause of undesired generation.…”

Section: Temperaturecontrasting

confidence: 80%

“…Therefore, the use of an azeotropic hydrochloric acid solution (approximately 20% (w/w)) is preferable for the generation of HCl/water-vapor gas mixtures with constant compositions over time. However, a previous study by Norton et al [25] reported that the concentration of HCl emitted from a permeation tube did not agree with the value provided by the manufacturer, even when using an azeotropic hydrochloric acid solution (approximately 20% (w/w)).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Meanwhile, dynamic generation, permeation [18][19][20], and diffusion [21][22][23] methods allow for the accurate preparation of HCl gas. Several studies regarding the dynamic generation of HCl were conducted using the permeation [24][25][26], and diffusion [25] methods with hydrochloric acid. In these methods, HCl gas is evaporated from hydrochloric acid in a permeation tube or diffusion tube kept at a constant temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of Continuous Gas Generation Method for Hydrogen Chloride Using Azeotropic Hydrochloric Acid System

et al. 2022

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Standard gases are often prepared using high-pressure gas cylinders. However, it is difficult to accurately prepare a known concentration of hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas using this method because HCl is highly corrosive and adsorptive. In this study, a simple method for the continuous generation of HCl gas was developed using a diffusion tube containing hydrochloric acid and a nitrogen carrier gas. The concentration of HCl produced from this system was almost unstable, but constant gas generation was realized for several hours when azeotropic hydrochloric acid (20.6% HCl in water) and a temperature near the azeotropic point (108.5 °C) were used, resulting in the generation of 103.6 ppm (mean, n = 5) of HCl gas with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.34%. In this case, the percentage of HCl present in the entire gas mixture of HCl and water vapor was 22.5%, which is almost equivalent to the HCl content in the azeotropic hydrochloric acid (20.6%). The HCl concentration could also be controlled by changing the flow rate of the carrier gas. This work demonstrates a simple technique based on the diffusion theory that allows for the constant, controllable generation of a known concentration of HCl gas using an azeotropic hydrochloric acid system.

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“…In contrast with our results above, Norton et al [25] employed an azeotrope of HCl under a condition except the azeotopic point. This is probably the main cause of undesired generation.…”

Section: Temperaturecontrasting

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of Continuous Gas Generation Method for Hydrogen Chloride Using Azeotropic Hydrochloric Acid System

et al. 2022

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“…Chemical cleaning of coal with alkali and acid solution has proved effective in reducing significant amounts of ash-forming minerals, pyritic sulfur, and organic sulfur from coal. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Norton et al 11 reported removal of 60-90% ash and sulfur from some bituminous coals from New Zealand using fused caustic. Markuszewski et al 9 treated several bituminous coals with molten mixtures of NaOH and KOH at 350-370 °C and could remove 80-90% ash and 70-80% total sulfur.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demineralization and Desulfurization of High-Sulfur Assam Coal with Alkali Treatment

Mukherjee

2003

Energy Fuels

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Demineralization and desulfurization of high-sulfur coal from Assam (Makum coalfield), India, was investigated using aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and their mixtures (1:1) alone as well as followed by mild hydrochloric acid treatment. Compared to the alkali and acid alone, successive treatments with the alkali and acid resulted in significant removal of mineral matter and sulfur from the coal. Demineralization and desulfurization was found to increase with the increase in alkali concentration. Alkali treatment resulted in formation and precipitation of sodium/potassium aluminosilicates, which subsequently undergo decomposition and solubilization in the presence of acid-forming soluble salts. It is possible to remove 50-54% of the ash, total inorganic sulfur, and around 25% organic sulfur from the coal by treatment with mixtures (1:1) of 16% sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide solution followed by 10% hydrochloric acid.

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Development of Mercury and Hydrogen Chloride Emission Monitors for Coal Gasifiers

Cited by 2 publications

References 6 publications

Development of Continuous Gas Generation Method for Hydrogen Chloride Using Azeotropic Hydrochloric Acid System

Development of Continuous Gas Generation Method for Hydrogen Chloride Using Azeotropic Hydrochloric Acid System

Demineralization and Desulfurization of High-Sulfur Assam Coal with Alkali Treatment

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