Numerical Analysis for shallow tunnels in weak ground supported by Umbrella Arch method Table of Contents iii 2.6.2 Ground surface settlement 2.6.3 Subsurface settlement 2.6.4 Longitudinal settlement 2.6.5 Lateral settlement 2.6.6 Theoretical solutions of tunnelling induced settlements 2.6.7 Ground movement and its effect on buried pipelines-Ground movement transverse to a pipeline-Ground movement parallel to pipeline