Development of muscle tone impairments in high-risk infants: Associations with cerebral palsy and cystic periventricular leukomalacia

Abstract

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Development of a bronchopulmonary dysplasia nutrition focused physical examination tool: A modified Delphi study

“…Fine motor skill and assessment can be measured on tests like the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development®, allowing for comparisons against age‐based normative standards and indicating neurodevelopmental progress 37 . Muscle tone, whether hyper‐ or hypo‐tonic, can also provide information about neurological involvement as well as caloric expenditure 38 . A literature search verified the suggested components, and they were added to Round 2 of the modified Delphi survey for panelist consideration.…”

“…37 Muscle tone, whether hyper-or hypo-tonic, can also provide information about neurological involvement as well as caloric expenditure. 38 A literature search verified the suggested components, and they were added to Round 2 of the modified Delphi survey for panelist consideration. Both muscle tone and fine motor skills achieved consensus.…”

Identifying and Evaluating Young Children with Developmental Central Hypotonia: An Overview of Systematic Reviews and Tools

“…Twenty-three articles were excluded following primary database full-text review: eleven articles did not describe hypotonia measurement [48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58]; five articles described some aspects of hypotonia measurement but had already been fully evaluated in an included review or synthesis [1,5,6,17,19]; five articles described the assessment of passive muscle tone only [59][60][61][62][63]; one article described hypertonia assessment only [64]; and, in addition, a scoping review of muscle tone evaluations [65] included only 2/84 studies evaluating hypotonia. Citation searching revealed that one used an electro-mechanical machine [66] and the other only measured passive limb tone [67]; therefore, the latter review was also excluded.…”

“…muscle tone only [59][60][61][62][63]; one article described hypertonia assessment only [64]; and, in addition, a scoping review of muscle tone evaluations [65] included only 2/84 studies evaluating hypotonia. Citation searching revealed that one used an electro-mechanical machine [66] and the other only measured passive limb tone [67]; therefore, the latter review was also excluded.…”

Efficacy of Robot-Assisted Gait Therapy Compared to Conventional Therapy or Treadmill Training in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

“…Motor disorders are the most common symptoms in these patients and are produced by damage in the motor brain cortex and the descending medullar pathways, particularly the corticospinal tract [21,22]. Muscle impairments due to spasticity or hypertonia, stiffness, weakness or hypotonia, reduced strength or muscle pain are some examples of these motor symptoms [23,24], which reduce joint range of motion, selective motor control and gross motor skills [25], impairing the performance of activities of daily living [26,27]. In addition, visual or vestibular disturbances produce gait [28] and balance disorders [29], which increase the risk of falls.…”