Development of novel lipidated analogs of picroside as vaccine adjuvants: Acylated analogs of picroside-II elicit strong Th1 and Th2 response to ovalbumin in mice

Pattern Recognition Receptors Based Immune Adjuvants: Their Role and Importance in Vaccine Design

“…These results support the use of acylated analogs particularly PK-II-3 and PK-II-4 as potent enhancer of antigen-specific Th1 and Th2 immune responses and thus are promising immune-adjuvant candidate for vaccines (Kumar and Singh 2010) …”

Selection of Adjuvants for Enhanced Vaccine Potency

“…Tomatine, a glycoalkaloid (rod-like structures under microscope), was shown to be capable of stimulating potent antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses leading to protection against malaria, Francisella tularensis and regression of experimental tumors [417]. Other plant isolates were found to promote both Th1 and Th2 effects in mice such as paclitaxel (a diterpenoid) for ovalbumin [418], RLJ-NE-299A, a mixture of iridoid glycosides for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) [419], and acylated derivatives of iridoid glycosides for ovalbumin [420]. Other compounds as potential adjuvants include anti-viral drugs such as Ribavirin [421], the active form of vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) [422,423], calcium phosphate [293,424], and herbs such as Astragalus membranaceus and Scutellaria baicalensis [425,426], or herbal extract [427] and tumor cell components [428,429].…”

Mahuang Fuzi Xixin Decoction Attenuates Th1 and Th2 Responses in the Treatment of Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Inflammation in a Rat Model of Allergic Rhinitis

“…In addition, excessive Th2 cytokine inhibits the differentiation of Th0 cell into Th1 cell, reducing the production of factors related to Th1 immune response, such as IFN- γ , T-bet, and SATA-1, leading to the imbalance in Th1/Th2 cells [34]. Studies have reported that in animal models induced by OVA, Th1 response is inhibited [37, 38] or is not obviously affected [39, 40], whereas Th2 response is enhanced. However, the serum IFN- γ content, the percentage of CD3 + CD4 + IFN- γ + Th1 cells in PBMCs, and the mRNA expression levels of IFN- γ , T-bet, and SATA-1 were all significantly increased compared with those in the normal control group; the same trend was observed for the serum IL-4 content, the percentage of CD3 + CD4 + IL-4 + Th2 cells in PBMCs, and the mRNA expression levels of IL-4, GATA-3, and SATA-6.…”