Development of Phases in Combustion Synthesized Nanocrystalline-ZrO2

Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals Approximation in Nanocrystalline Yittria‐Stabilized Zirconia Synthesized by Citrate–Nitrate Gel Combustion Process

“…Compared with microcrystalline zirconia ceramics synthesized by conventional solid‐state route, nanocrystalline zirconia not only possesses some novel properties, but also forms stable face centered cubic (FCC) crystalline compounds at a much lower temperature. So far, a number of chemical processes such as coprecipitation, 6 spray pyrolysis, 7 sol–gel 8 and nonhydrolytic sol–gel, 9 hydrothermal, 1,10 solvo‐thermal, 11,12 polymerized complex process, 13,14 and gel combustion process 15–22 have been developed for the preparation of nanocrystalline zirconia ceramic powders.…”

“…Among all the above‐mentioned processes, cost comparison provides gel‐combustion method to an advantage along with better control of stoichiometry in comparison with the likes of coprecipitation or polymer complex routes while producing nanocrystalline powders. Gel‐combustion routes are based on the gelling of solution containing salts of the desired metals, usually nitrates, and some organic fuel, such as urea, 18,19 carbo‐hydrazide, 20,21 oxalic acid, 22 citric acid, 15–17,23–26 glycine, 27,28 alanine, 29 etc. and subsequent self‐sustaining combustion.…”