Development of physical fitness in children with intellectual disabilities

Hartman, Esther; Smith, Jeffrey K.; Westendorp, Marieke; Visscher, Chris

doi:10.1111/jir.12142

Cited by 58 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…36 In a recent study, children and youth with intellectual disabilities were found to have poor physical fitness compared with typically developing children. 37 Niederer et al found that higher baseline cardiorespiratory fitness and motor skills corresponded to better spatial working memory or attention in preschool children. 38 Likewise, Krombholz noted positively significant correlations between measures of physical growth and physical performance and between motor and cognitive performance, physical fitness, body coordination, and manual dexterity, in preschool children, which improved with age group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wassenberg et al noted the parallel development of specific cognitive and motor performance in children during normal or delayed development: specific brain structures, such as the basal ganglia or frontal cortex, and dopamine transmission are involved in both cognitive and motor performance . In a recent study, children and youth with intellectual disabilities were found to have poor physical fitness compared with typically developing children . Niederer et al found that higher baseline cardiorespiratory fitness and motor skills corresponded to better spatial working memory or attention in preschool children .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intellectual maturity and physical fitness in preschool children

Román

Mora-López²,

García‐Pinillos

2016

Pediatrics International

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intellectual maturity and physical fitness in preschool children

Román

Mora-López²,

García‐Pinillos

2016

Pediatrics International

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“…Other studies of young people and adults with ID have consistently shown negative differences in general fitness and specifically, cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, endurance, and range of motion (Hartman, Smith, Westendorp, & Visscher, 2014;Salaun, & Berthouze-Aranda, 2012;Cuesta-Vargas, Paz-Lourido, & Rodriguez, 2011;Zhang, Piwowar, & Reilly, 2009;Faison-Hodge & Porretta, 2004). This has been related to general levels of physical activity being lower in this population, however when considering the potential to attain high standards of physical fitness a more mixed picture emerges.…”

Section: Physiological and Fitness Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of intellectual disabilities on elite sports performance

Burns

2015

International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology

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Athletes with intellectual disabilities (ID) were re-introduced into the Paralympics in London 2012. As part of this development a classification system had to be established evidencing the impact this impairment has on elite sports performance. This review examines the research behind this issue.Firstly it examines the limited literature comparing the standards reached by top-level athletes with ID with those without disabilities, and then moves on to look at the research demonstrating differences in both the cognitive and physical skills needed for elite performance. The paper then reviews the factors which may be implicated to account for this disparity, from a range of perspectives. A case is made for the importance of looking at this area in terms of the potential for the transferability of research findings from this group to talent identification in mainstream athletes and the benefits of integrating neuropsychological concepts and approaches to understanding the cognitive components behind the development of particular skills associated with high level performance in specific sports. Keywords: Intellectual disabilities, Paralympics, elite performance, cognitive functioning ContextThe place of sport and exercise in the lives of people with intellectual disabilities (ID) has attracted much research in recent years. Much of this has focused on sport and exercise as remedial or preventative activity to combat specific health issues such as obesity and poor physical health. Other research has looked more at the psychosocial impact of improving social networks (Hutzler & Korsensky, 2010) or psychological factors such as increasing self-esteem (Weiss, Diamond, Demark, & Lovald, 2003). However, leading up to and beyond the re-introduction of athletes with ID into the London Paralympics in 2012 there has been an increasing interest in the participation of these athletes in elite competition, and it is this work which will form the focus of this review. The ord Ol pi s a d people ith ID have a long association through the SpecialOlympics. The Special Olympics was originally set up in the US in the late 6 s with the aim to provide training and competition for children and adults with intellectual disabilities. These days it caters to 4.2 million people across the world and includes a programme of unified (disabled and nondisabled) sport. However, within the Special Olympics, although highly successful and bringing benefit to millions of people with ID and their families across the globe, the emphasis is more on participation, empowerment and opportunity than achieving elite performance (Specialolympics.org, 2015). This domain is the remit of another organisation, the International Federation for Para-athletes with Intellectual Disability (INAS). The vision of INAS is ….inspired y a elief that an intelle tual disa ility should not e a barrier to enjoying and being the best in sport. INAS ision is that athletes ith an intelle tualdisability across the World have the opportunity to achieve excellence in sport ...

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“…They are known to present a greater risk for a variety of health concerns compared with the general population . In addition, emerging findings also suggest that individuals with intellectual disabilities may experience greater levels of difficulties with motor development and fundamental movement skills and be characterized by lower levels of physical fitness than typically developing individuals. More specifically, studies show that young people with intellectual disabilities tend to be characterized by a significantly lower balance or postural control than typically developing peers …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise interventions to improve balance for young people with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Maïano

Morin

Lepage

et al. 2018

Develop Med Child Neuro

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Exercise intervention results in large and significant improvements in static and dynamic balance in young people with intellectual disabilities. Exercise intervention results in a large but non-significant improvement in static-dynamic balance. Static balance improvement was significantly higher in quasi-experimental versus experimental studies. Dynamic balance improvement was significantly higher in young people with mild versus mild-moderate intellectual disability. No significant differences related to age group, balance measures, and components of exercise intervention were found.

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Development of physical fitness in children with intellectual disabilities

Abstract: Despite statistically significant development of physical fitness in children with ID, their physical fitness levels should be stimulated. This should start already in young children (<8 years) and the children with the most severe cognitive impairments need special attention.

Cited by 58 publications

References 33 publications

Intellectual maturity and physical fitness in preschool children

Intellectual maturity and physical fitness in preschool children

The impact of intellectual disabilities on elite sports performance

Exercise interventions to improve balance for young people with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

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