Development of porosity in combined phosphoric acid-carbon dioxide activation

Activation and structural and adsorption features of activated carbons with highly developed micro-, meso- and macroporosity

“…Contributions of pores of different sizes can be varied on both controlled carbonisation of precursors and subsequent activation depending on the type of activating agents (CO 2 , water vapour, basic and acidic compounds, etc. ), temperature, pressure, flow velocity, and burn-off level , 2000a, 2000bMarsh et al 1997;Molina-Sabio et al 1995, 1996Molina-Sabio and Rodríguez-Reinoso 2004;Bansal et al 1988). For many purposes, ACs with maximal porosity up to V p = 2.5 − 3.0 cm 3 /g, but without loss of particle integrity, and S BET up to 3000-4000 m 2 /g are of a special interest because such great structural characteristics allow one to use the materials for effective gas storage, fast and complete removal of toxic compounds from gases and liquids, etc.…”

Preparation and Structural Characterization of Activated Carbons Based on Polymeric Resin

“…Although a wide range of carbonaceous materials can be converted into ACs, coal and lingocellulosic materials are the most commonly used starting materials for the production of commercial ACs. In addition, many agricultural by-products, such as nutshells, coconut shells, pecan shells, and peach stones have been found to be suitable precursors (4)(5)(6)(7). However, society's growing concern related to the release of environmental pollutants make it necessary to prepare ACs with high surface area and pore volumes and to design new materials for their removal from gases or liquids.…”

Effects of micropore development on the physicochemical properties of KOH-activated carbons

“…The surface oxygen functional groups on ACs can be detected by means of infra-red (IR) spectroscopy (Guo and Lua, 1999;Lillo-Rodenas et al, 2003), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (Qu, 2002;Yoshizawa et al, 2000), and temperature-programming desorption (TPD) (Lillo-Rodenas et al, 2003;Molina-Sabio et al, 1996) while the spectroscopic methods usually provide qualitative information only. Although quantitative information can be obtained from curve fitting of XPS spectra, this technique is an external, superficial analysis tool which cannot obtain the complete distribution of functional groups within ACs.…”