Development of PVA–Psyllium Husk Meshes via Emulsion Electrospinning: Preparation, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity

Abstract

In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and psyllium husk (PSH)/D-limonene electrospun meshes were produced by emulsion electrospinning for use as substrates to prevent the growth of bacteria. D-limonene and modified microcrystalline cellulose (mMCC) were preferred as antibacterial agents. SEM micrographs showed that PVA–PSH electrospun mesh with a 4% amount of D-limonene has the best average fiber distribution with 298.38 ± 62.8 nm. Moreover, the fiber morphology disrupts with the addition of 6% D-limonene. FT-IR spectroscopy was used to analyze the chemical structure between matrix–antibacterial agents (mMCC and D-limonene). Although there were some partial physical interactions in the FT-IR spectrum, no chemical reactions were seen between the matrixes and the antibacterial agents. The thermal properties of the meshes were determined using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The thermal stability of the samples increased with the addition of mMCC. Further, the PVA–PSH–mMCC mesh had the highest value of contact angle (81° ± 4.05). The antibacterial activity of functional meshes against Gram (−) (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram (+) bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) was specified based on a zone inhibition test. PPMD6 meshes had the highest antibacterial results with 21 mm, 16 mm, and 15 mm against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. While increasing the amount of D-limonene enhanced the antibacterial activity, it significantly decreased the amount of release in cases of excess D-limonene amount. Due to good fiber morphology, the highest D-limonene release value (83.1%) was observed in PPMD4 functional meshes. The developed functional meshes can be utilized as wound dressing material based on our data.

Production and Characterization of Bio‐based Sponges Reinforced with Hypericum perforatum oil (St. John′s Wort Oil) via Pickering Emulsions for Wound Healing Applications

“…In the PCH0 (PVA/CMC) neat film spectrum, the wide absorption band at 3279 cm −1 connects to −OH stretching. The peaks at 2937 cm −1 and 2911 cm −1 are related to asymmetric ant symmetric stretching of −CH 2 [31, 32] . The ester peak caused by the hydrolysis of PVA was observed at 1716 cm −1 [32] …”

“…In the first step, a weight loss of 9.4–14.4 % at 30–120 °C due to the moisture from the samples [40] . The second step (125–255 °C) degradation is associated with polymer dehydration caused by side chain breakage and production of a polyacetylene‐like structure [31, 41] . With the chain scission of PVA and polysaccharide degradation owing to cellulosic structures (C−O and C−C bonds in the ring units) and so release of CO 2 gas and formation of the oxides are observed at the temperature of 255–500 °C.…”

“…The peaks at 2937 cm À 1 and 2911 cm À 1 are related to asymmetric ant symmetric stretching of À CH 2 . [31,32] The ester peak caused by the hydrolysis of PVA was observed at 1716 cm À 1 . [32] According to the literature, the absorption bands between 1598-1620 and 1420 cm À 1 belong to CMC due to À CH 2 COO group.…”

PVA/Inulin-Based Sustainable Films Reinforced with Pickering Emulsion of Niaouli Essential Oil for Potential Wound Healing Applications

“…The bands from 1500 to 900 cm −1 were primarily attributed to C–C and C–O stretching and the C–O–H and C–O–C stretching of some oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. The peaks at 1420, 1373, and 1240 cm −1 could be associated with the CH 2 bending vibration, CH vibration, and OH bending vibration as well [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]. There was a decrease in the peak density of 1732 cm −1 with the achievement of the Pickering films.…”

A Review on Electrospun Poly(amino acid) Nanofibers and Their Applications of Hemostasis and Wound Healing

“…Electrospinning of emulsions produces nanofibers with a core-shell structure because the water and oil phases in the emulsion are delaminated, and when loaded with hydrophilic drugs, the drugs dissolved in the aqueous phase gradually diffuse into the emulsified oil phase and are contained in the core layer, eventually forming nanofibers with a core-shell structure. Parin et al [ 63 ] firstly dispersed psyllium husk (PSH) in PVA and then blended it with D-limonene, which has a natural antibacterial effect, to prepare nanofibers by emulsion electrospinning. Hosseini et al [ 64 ] used polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the aqueous phase and ethyl cellulose (EC) in ethyl acetate as the oil phase and encapsulated α-amylase in it to prepare nanofibers by the emulsion electrospinning method.…”