Development of QCM Biosensor with Specific Cow Milk Protein Antibody for Candidate Milk Adulteration Detection

Abstract

Adulteration of goat milk is usually done using cow's milk product. Cow milk is used as it is widely available and its price is cheaper compared to goat milk. This paper shows a development of candidate tools for milk adulteration using cow milk. A quartz crystal microbalance immunosensor was developed using commercial crystal resonator and polyclonal antibody specific to cow milk protein. A specific protein at 208 KDa is found only in cow milk and does not exist in goat milk. The existence of this protein can be used as an indicator of cow milk content in a target solution. To detect the PSS 208 kDa protein, antibody specific to the PSS 208 was developed. The purified antibody was immobilized on top of the sensor surface on a polystyrene layer. The fraction of the immobilized antibody on the sensor was found at 1.5% of the given antibody. Using a static reaction cell, the developed immunosensor could detect the specific cow milk protein in buffer solution. The detection limit is 1 ppm. A linear relationship between frequency change and specific protein of cow milk concentration is found from a concentration of 1 ppm to 120 ppm.

Evaluation of Hyaluronic Acid Dilutions at Different Concentrations Using a Quartz Crystal Resonator (QCR) for the Potential Diagnosis of Arthritic Diseases

“…There are several studies linking the use of the Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) to the detection of diseases characterizing biological fluids as blood [12,13,14,15], urine [16,17], saliva [17,18,19] and synovial fluid [20,21]. The methods proposed in these studies have proven to be successful according to their results.…”

Quick vacuum drying of liquid samples prior to ATR‐FTIR spectral collection improves the quantitative prediction: a case study of milk adulteration

“…Among the possible adulterations, the addition of a cheaper type of milk into more expensive premium milk is very common. In the literature, illegal addition of bovine milk into more expensive caprine milk (Chen et al, 2004;Lee et al, 2004;Cheng et al, 2006;Dias et al, 2009;Sakti et al, 2016;Banias et al, 2017;Brandao et al, 2017), ovine milk (Trimboli et al, 2017), caprine-ovine milk mixture (Pesic et al, 2011;Ke et al, 2017), camel milk (Mabood et al, 2017b), buffalo milk (Durakli Velioglu et al, 2017) and donkey milk (Pizzano & Salimei, 2014) has been previously studied. Bovine milk is constantly used as an adulterant due to its high worldwide production rates, availability throughout the year and lower prices than other milk types (Trimboli et al, 2017).…”

“…However, it is very problematic to differentiate caprine and ovine milk from bovine milk due to their visual and compositional resemblances, particularly when they are mixed (Sakti et al, 2016). This is a great concern for allergy-sensitive and potentially intolerant people due to high allergenic nature of bovine milk (El-Agamy, 2007;Claeys et al, 2013).…”

“…However, both within academic institutions and in food industry, various other methods regarding the differences in specific protein or lipid profiles have been investigated for their accuracy and practicality in detecting milk-related adulterations. These methods are based on fluorescence (Brandao et al, 2017;Durakli Velioglu et al, 2017), flow injection mass spectroscopy (FIMS) (Du et al, 2018), capillary electrophoresis (CE) (Trimboli et al, 2017), laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIB) (Moncayo et al, 2017), sensors (Sakti et al, 2016;Gupta et al, 2017), time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance (TD-NMR) (Santos et al, 2016), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Pizzano & Salimei, 2014), polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Pesic et al, 2011), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Cheng et al, 2006), high-performance liquid chromatography-based methods (Chen et al, 2004;Ke et al, 2017), electronic tongue (Dias et al, 2009), FT-NIRS (Mabood et al, 2017a,b), FT-MIR (Nicolaou et al, 2010;Jawaid et al, 2013;Santos et al, 2013a;Vieira et al, 2016;Coitinho et al, 2017) and infrared microspectroscopy (Santos et al, 2013b). From all these available methods, infrared spectroscopy stands out more due to their test speed since a rapid answer is usually required as in the case of dairy industry (Cattaneo & Holroyd, 2013).…”

Design of Low Noise Micro Liter Syringe Pump for Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensor

“…There are two methods for injecting the buffer or sample solution of target molecules on top of the sensor. A flow injection method [7] or the liquid drop method [8]. Although these methods are suitable for injection the buffer or sample solution, both methods have significant shortcomings.…”