“…Since the discovery of high- T c cuprate superconductors in 1986 by Bednorz and Müller, a significant research effort has been made worldwide to understand the fundamental mechanism for the high- T c -superconductivity and find effective ways to enhance the properties of this kind of material for applications, such as in magnetic bearing, , motors, trapped flux magnets, and power lines. − The YBCO superconductor has become one of the most important and practical high temperature superconductors because of its high T c , the secondary peak effect, high levitation force, and larger critical current density ( J c ) in high magnetic field. The enhancement in these properties can be achieved by the introduction of flux pinning centers and the optimization of fabrication conditions. − Though the top seeded melt textured growth (TSMTG) method is one of the most popular methods for the fabrication of single domain REBCO bulk superconductors with high superconducting properties, there are some disadvantages of the TSMTG method, such as leakage of the Ba–Cu–O liquid phase, shape distortion, and shrinkage.…”