“…Studies regarding how to efficiently use sensor data in such simulation models representing cities have been conducted (Crooks et al, 2021;Clemen et al, 2021;Guastella et al, 2019). Using general principles, functionality, and the architecture of the digital multi-agent platform, a Resource-Demand (RD) 10.1163/21971927-bja10044 | triple helix (2023) 1-38 Model has also been conceptualised for developing smart cities (Kozhevnikov et al, 2019), which views a smart city as a complex system, which is alive and constantly evolving and adapting. Using this approach, the model describes how a city can self-organise and evolve by utilising a set of Key Performance Indicators (KPI) like business, recreation, comfort, transport, environment, goods availability, medical care, education and prices for services.…”