Development of retinohypothalamic projections in the chick embryo

Shimizu, Iwao; Yoshimoto, Masami; Kojima, Tokuzō; Okado, Nobuo

doi:10.1016/0304-3940(84)90459-2

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“… 1 Species and reference: 1, duck, Bons, 1976; 2, house sparrow, Cassone and Moore, 1987; 3, ringdove, Cooper et al, 1983; 4, Java sparrow, Ebihara and Kawamura, 1981; 5, chicken, Ehrlich and Mark, 1984; 6, pigeon, Gamlin and Cohen, 1988; 7, house sparrow, Hartwig, 1974; 8, chicken, Mey and Johann, 2001; 9, quail, Oliver et al, 1978; 10, pigeon, Shimizu et al, 1994; 11, chicken, Shimizu et al, 1984; 12, quail, Uchiyama, 1989; 13, quail, Watanabe, 1987. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By E15 it is quite thick and has visible subdivisions (Ehrlich et al, 1988). The retinohypothalamic innervation of the hypothalamus, on the other hand, is not visible until E15 or E16 (Shimizu et al, 1984). We propose that, because of the conflicting developmental timing of the supraoptic decussation and RHT, significant mSCN innervation by retinohypothalamic terminals is not physically permitted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, a lateral hypothalamic nucleus is the primary, if not only, hypothalamic retinorecipient nucleus in a variety of species: ringed turtledove, Streptopelia risoria (Cooper et al, 1983; Norgren and Silver, 1989), house sparrow, Passer domesticus (Cassone and Moore, 1987), pigeon, Columba livia (Meier, 1973; Gamlin et al, 1982; Shimizu et al, 1994), duck, Anas platyrhynchos (Bons, 1976) and chicken, Gallus domesticus (Shimizu et al, 1984). This structure has been referred to in the literature as the SCN (Gamlin et al, 1982; Cooper et al, 1983), the lateral hypothalamic retinorecipient nucleus (LHRN; Norgren and Silver, 1989; Shimizu et al, 1994), and the visual SCN (vSCN; Cassone and Moore, 1987).…”

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Chicken suprachiasmatic nuclei: I. Efferent and afferent connections

Cantwell

Cassone

2006

J. Comp. Neurol.

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The avian circadian system is composed of multiple inputs, oscillators and outputs. Among its oscillators are the pineal gland, retinae and a hypothalamic structure assumed to be homologous to the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Two structures have been suggested as this homolog-the medial SCN (mSCN) and the visual SCN (vSCN). The present study employed biotin dextran amine (BDA) and cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) as anterograde and retrograde tracers to investigate the connectivity of the mSCN and vSCN in order to address this issue. Intravitreal injections of CTB were used to determine whether one or both of these structures receives afferent input from retinal ganglion cells. Both the vSCN and mSCN receive terminal retinal input, with the strongest input terminating in the vSCN. Precise iontophoretic injections of BDA and CTB in the mSCN and vSCN were used to identify efferents and afferents. The avian mSCN and vSCN collectively express more efferents and afferents than does the mammalian SCN. A subset of these connections matches the connections that have been established in rodent species. Individually, both the mSCN and vSCN are similar to the mammalian SCN in terms of their connections. Based on these data and other studies, we present a working model of the avian SCN that includes both the mSCN and vSCN as hypothalamic oscillators. We contend that both structures are involved in a suprachiasmatic complex that, as a functional group, may be homologous to the mammalian SCN.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chicken suprachiasmatic nuclei: I. Efferent and afferent connections

Cantwell

Cassone

2006

J. Comp. Neurol.

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“…A lateral hypothalamic nucleus is the primary, if not only, retinorecipient nucleus in the hypothalamus in the ringed turtledove (Streptopelia risoria; Cooper et al, 1983;Norgren and Silver, 1989), house sparrow (Passer domesticus; Cassone and Moore, 1987), pigeon (Meier, 1973;Gamlin et al, 1982;Shimizu et al, 1994), duck (Anas platyrhynchos; Bons, 1976), and chicken (Shimizu et al, 1984;Cantwell and Cassone, 2006). As with the mSCN, it has been given many different names (cf.…”

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confidence: 98%

Chicken suprachiasmatic nuclei: II. Autoradiographic and immunohistochemical analysis

Cantwell

Cassone

2006

J of Comparative Neurology

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The vertebrate circadian system is composed of multiple inputs, oscillators, pacemakers, and outputs. In birds, the pineal gland and retinae have been defined as pacemakers within this system. Evidence for a third, hypothalamic pacemaker is abundant. It has been presumed that this pacemaker is homologous to the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Two candidate structures have been referred to as the avian SCN--the medial SCN (mSCN) and the visual SCN (vSCN). Previously, we suggested that both structures are involved in a "suprachiasmatic complex." To further explore evidence for an avian SCN, the present study employed several classical techniques to assess intrinsic characteristics of the mSCN and vSCN in the chicken. First, analysis of mSCN and vSCN cytoarchitecture indicated that the mSCN is similar in location and cell population to the mammalian SCN, while the vSCN is more similar in terms of its shape. Second, intravitreal injections of tritiated proline were used to identify hypothalamic retinal terminals. The findings support previous studies identifying the vSCN as the primary retinorecipient hypothalamic structure in birds. Third, analysis of mSCN and vSCN chemoarchitecture suggests that both the mSCN and vSCN display similarity to the mammalian SCN, which displays significant interspecies variation. Finally, a unique astrocytic bridge between the mSCN and vSCN is demonstrated, suggesting that astrocytes play a role within the suprachiasmatic nuclei of birds, similar to the situation in mammals. Our previously presented working model of the avian suprachiasmatic complex is updated to include these data.

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Novel sources of descending input to the spinal cord of the hatchling chick

Gross

Oppenheim

1985

J of Comparative Neurology

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Nuclear groups contributing supraspinal input to the spinal cord of the hatching chick (Gallus domesticus) were determined by using the enzyme tracer horseradish peroxidase processed with tetramethylbenzidine histochemistry. Five sources of projections to the spinal cord were found which have not been previously described in any species. All are probably related to autonomic function. They include ipsilateral hypothalamic projections from the lateral mamillary n., suprachiasmatic n., and n. of the lateral tubercle. There is a bilateral projection from the large interstitial cells of the mesencephalic posterior commissure, and in the myelencephalon, a mainly contralateral projection from interstitial cells of the vagus-glossopharyngeal nerve. Two other projections observed here have not been described in other avian species, one from the accessory vestibular n., the other, from the n. ambiguus. In the cerebellum, projections arise from the main and ventrolateral divisions of the fastigial n., and from "border cells" between the fastigial and interpositus n. The large-celled submedial vestibular n. projects bilaterally. Several projections previously described only in the pigeon, were confirmed here: the hypothalamic nucleus over the supramammilary decussation, the n. intercollicularis, the tangential n., and the n. alatus, a cell group between the hypoglossal and vagal nuclei. Four sources of input projected only as far as mid-cervical cord. These are n. intercollicularis, fastigial n., accessory vestibular n., and tangential n. All remaining projections reached to lower lumbosacral cord. Sources of descending input are remarkably similar in mammals and avians. Where homologous nuclei exist, virtually identical projections to the cord are present.

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Development of retinohypothalamic projections in the chick embryo

Cited by 15 publications

References 17 publications

Chicken suprachiasmatic nuclei: I. Efferent and afferent connections

Chicken suprachiasmatic nuclei: I. Efferent and afferent connections

Chicken suprachiasmatic nuclei: II. Autoradiographic and immunohistochemical analysis

Novel sources of descending input to the spinal cord of the hatchling chick

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