Development of Sampling and Analytical Methods for Concerted Determination of Commonly Used Chloroacetanilide, Chlorotriazine, and 2,4-D Herbicides in Hand-Wash, Dermal-Patch, and Air Samples

Tucker, Stephen B.; Reynolds, John Mark; Wickman, Don; Hines, Cynthia J.; Perkins, James B.

doi:10.1080/104732201750175942

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“…2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) are two such pollutants that have been associated with the occurrence of cancer in humans. Methods for the determination of 2,4-D have included the use of reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection , and the immobilization of monoclonal antibodies on piezoelectric 4 and gold electrode sensors. Despite these advances, there is still a need to develop sensor materials that can provide even more robust, efficient, and selective detection of 2,4-D and related pollutants at affordable costs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterostructured Fluorohectorite Clay as an Electrochemical Sensor for the Detection of 2,4-Dichlorophenol and the Herbicide 2,4-D

et al. 2002

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A mixed-ion, amphiphilic fluorohectorite heterostructure, wherein the galleries are regularly interstratified by hydrophilic inorganic ions (Na+) and lipophilic onium ions, is shown to be an efficient electrochemical sensor for the specific determination of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and the pollutant 2,4-dicholorophenol (2,4-DCP) when incorporated at the 5 wt % level into a carbon paste electrode (CPE). The clay-modified electrode was substantially less sentive to herbicides that lack the aromatic hydroxyl groups needed for oxidation to a quinone (e.g., Illoxan and Furore). Conventional homoionic organoclays with all galleries exclusively occupied by an onium ion surfactant exhibited a lower electrochemical response to 2,4-D and 2,4-DCP oxidation when incorporated into a CPE. Similarly, low current responses were observed for a CPE modified with a homostructured mixed-ion montmorillonite clay with both inorganic ions and organic onium ions co-occuping each clay gallery. The electrochemical response observed for the mixed-ion fluorohectorite heterostructure was attributed to the ability of this unique clay intercalate to achieve electrical neutrality upon oxidation of the dichlorophenoxy moiety through the facile ejection of sodium ions from the segregated inorganic galleries.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%