Development of Scoring Criteria for the Clock Drawing Task in Alzheimer's Disease

Mendez, Mario F.; Thomas, Anthony J.; Underwood, Kara L.

doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01796.x

Cited by 313 publications

(346 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…All CDT systems chosen for comparison have long histories of use, and include one previously shown to be sensitive but less specific (Mendez et al, 1992), one with balanced sensitivity and specificity (Shulman, 2000), and one with high specificity but low sensitivity (Wolf-Klein et al, 1989; data from Scanlan et al, 2002). We then examined the specificity and sensitivity of a revised Mini-Cog (three-item delayed recall + the new CDT algorithm) with the original version.…”

Section: Data Analysis Excluding Very Low Education Subjects (≤4 Yearmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time that tells: critical clock-drawing errors for dementia screening

Lessig

Scanlan

Nazemi

et al. 2007

IPG

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Background-Clock-drawing tests are popular components of dementia screens but no single scoring system has been universally accepted. We sought to identify an optimal subset of clock errors for dementia screening and compare them with three other systems representative of the existing wide variations in approach (Shulman, Mendez, Wolf-Klein), as well as with the CDT system used in the Mini-Cog, which combines clock drawing with delayed recall.

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Section: Data Analysis Excluding Very Low Education Subjects (≤4 Yearmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time that tells: critical clock-drawing errors for dementia screening

Lessig

Scanlan

Nazemi

et al. 2007

IPG

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“…Many of these scoring systems have also been tailored specifically to detect impairment related to specific disorders (Mendez et al, 1992;Rouleau et al, 1992). Some scoring systems follow a set of clear quantitative guidelines that outline certain components of the CDT that should be scored individually (i.e., number placement and number spacing) (Mendez et al, 1992), while some follow a more abstract qualitative guideline for scoring (i.e., minor visuospatial errors and severe level of disorganization) (Shulman et al, 1993). Despite the variability in scoring systems, it has been shown that simpler scoring systems are often better (Mainland and Shulman, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The test of time: a history of clock drawing

Hazan

Frankenburg

Brenkel

et al. 2017

Int J Geriat Psychiatry

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Objective: The clock drawing test (CDT) has become one of the most widely used cognitive screening instruments in clinical and research settings. Its effectiveness, acceptability, and quick and easy administration have made it a staple for cognitive screening in dementia and a wide range of brain disorders. Despite a spike in popularity since the 1990s, its origins are relatively unknown. The goal of this review is to chronicle its saga and chart its usage over time. Methods: PsycInfo, Medline, and PubMed literature searches were performed from earliest record to June 2016, in addition to manual cross-referencing of bibliographies, with a focus before 1990. Summary of relevant articles and books up until 1989 is included, as well as clinical applications and surveys that track CDT usage over time. Results: While MacDonald Critchley's well-known textbook from 1953, The Parietal Lobes, is often cited as the first mention of the CDT, its recorded use actually stretches back more than a century to 1915. A review of the literature shows that the CDT began as a test for aphasia-related disorders and constructional apraxia until its entry into contemporary cognitive screening in the 1980s when it primarily became a cognitive screen. Its usage took off in 1989 with over 2000 publications since. Conclusions: Despite a fairly obscure existence for decades, the CDT has emerged as an effective and ideal cognitive screening instrument for a wide range of conditions. Its use continues to increase, and it has been incorporated into several widely used cognitive screening batteries.

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“…All patients were asked to participate in a full clinical evaluation that included the following: Assessment of depressive symptoms using the Mental Health Inventory (28); cognitive assessment using the Folstein Mini-Mental Status Examination (29) and clock drawing task (30); assessment of falls, including events recalled from the previous 12 mo, fear of falling (31), and falls efficacy (32); assessment of vision (expressed as the functional acuity score [33]); assessment of hearing (whisper test) (34); assessment for foot abnormalities (examination for ulcers, amputation, or minor deformities, e.g., bunion or toe deformities); and assessment of orthostatic BP and heart rate immediately before dialysis. All patients also were asked to participate in an evaluation of functional mobility as measured by the timed up-and-go (TUG) test (31,35).…”

Section: Baseline Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Falls and Fall-Related Injuries in Older Dialysis Patients

Cook

Tomlinson

Donaldson

et al. 2006

Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

180

174

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Dialysis patients are increasingly older and more disabled. In community-dwelling seniors without kidney disease, falls commonly predict hospitalization, the onset of frailty, and the need for institutional care. Effective fall prevention strategies are available. On the basis of retrospective data, it was hypothesized that the fall rates of older (>65 yr) chronic outpatient hemodialysis (HD) patients would be higher than published rates for community-dwelling seniors (0.6 to 0.8 falls/patientyear). It also was hypothesized that risk factors for falls in dialysis outpatients would include polypharmacy, dialysis-related hypotension, cognitive impairment, and decreased functional status. Using a prospective cohort study design, HD patients who were >65 yr of age at a large academic dialysis unit were recruited. All study participants underwent baseline screening for fall risk factors. Patients were followed prospectively for a minimum of 1 yr. Falls were identified through biweekly patient interviews in the HD unit. A total of 162 patients (mean age 74.7 yr) were recruited; 57% were male. A total of 305 falls occurred in 76 (47%) patients over 190.5 person-years of follow-up (fall-incidence 1.60 falls/person-year). Injuries occurred in 19% of falls; 41 patients had multiple falls. Associated risk factors included age, comorbidity, mean predialysis systolic BP, and a history of falls. In the HD population, the fall risk is higher than in the general community, and fall-related morbidity is high. Better identification of HD patients who are at risk for falls and targeted fall intervention strategies are required.

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Development of Scoring Criteria for the Clock Drawing Task in Alzheimer's Disease

Abstract: Clinicians may reliably screen patients with Alzheimer's disease with the clock-drawing task, a measure sensitive to deficits in constructional apraxia.

Cited by 313 publications

References 21 publications

Time that tells: critical clock-drawing errors for dementia screening

Time that tells: critical clock-drawing errors for dementia screening

The test of time: a history of clock drawing

Falls and Fall-Related Injuries in Older Dialysis Patients

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