Development of shy/bold behaviour in squid: context-specific phenotypes associated with developmental plasticity

Sinn, David L.; Gosling, Samuel D.; Moltschaniwskyj, Natalie A.

doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.05.008

Cited by 172 publications

(140 citation statements)

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“…This variable-oriented reliability of composite empirical estimates is called internal consistency (for statistical coefficients see Shrout & Fleiss, 1979). In squids studied in feeding tests, for example, number of feeding strikes, latency to first feeding strike, and feeding rate (both reverse scored) showed high internal consistency as empirical estimates of a latent 'shyness-boldness' dimension (Sinn, Gosling, & Moltschaniwskyj, 2008). Conversely this means that estimating complex concepts like 'risk taking' versus 'risk avoiding' or 'shyness-boldness' with single measures (as in Bell & Sih, 2007;van Oers et al, 2005a) compromises the reliability and validity of their measurement.…”

Section: Internal Consistency Of Empirical Estimatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some dimensions may show shifts in the mean level of individual scores across age groups. For example, in dumpling squids, average 'boldness' scores increase significantly through adulthood (Sinn et al, 2008); whereas average 'extraversion' scores in gorillas decline with age (see Figure 1 in Kuhar, Stoinski, Lukas, & Maple, 2006); and average 'agreeableness' scores in humans constantly increase with age (Roberts, Walton, & Viechtbauer, 2006).…”

Section: Differential Stability and Stability Across Age Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Individual behavioral phenotypes: An integrative meta‐theoretical framework. Why “behavioral syndromes” are not analogs of “personality”

Uher

2011

Developmental Psychobiology

148

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Jana UherIndividual behavioral phenotypes: an integrative meta-theoretical framework. Why "behavioral syndromes" are not analogs of "personality" Article (Accepted version) (Refereed) This document is the author's final accepted version of the journal article. There may be differences between this version and the published version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it. Uher, J. (2011) Developmental Psychobiology, 53, . Individual behavioral phenotypes: An integrative meta-theoretical framework. Why 'behavioral syndromes' are not analogues of 'personality'. AbstractAnimal researchers are increasingly interested in individual differences in behavior. Their interpretation as meaningful differences in behavioral strategies stable over time and across contexts, adaptive, heritable, and acted upon by natural selection has triggered new theoretical developments. However, the analytical approaches used to explore behavioral data still address population-level phenomena, and statistical methods suitable to analyze individual behavior are rarely applied. I discuss fundamental investigative principles and analytical approaches to explore whether, in what ways, and under which conditions individual behavioral differences are actually meaningful. I elaborate the meta-theoretical ideas underlying common theoretical concepts and integrate them into an overarching metatheoretical and methodological framework. This unravels commonalities and differences, and shows that assumptions of analogy to concepts of human personality are not always warranted and that some theoretical developments may be based on methodological artifacts. Yet, my results also highlight possible directions for new theoretical developments in animal behavior research.

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Section: Internal Consistency Of Empirical Estimatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Differential Stability and Stability Across Age Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual behavioral phenotypes: An integrative meta‐theoretical framework. Why “behavioral syndromes” are not analogs of “personality”

Uher

2011

Developmental Psychobiology

148

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“…Similarly, Briffa et al [3] described six categories of behavioural variation but again arrived at residual variation within individuals as the finest level of behavioural organization. This fine scale residual variation [4] has also been described as consistency [5], stability [6,7] and recently as predictability and intraindividual variation (hereafter IIV) [3,[8][9][10][11]. Although such hierarchies represent a useful framework for discussing the structure of behavioural variation, the levels are not isolated from one another.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual quality and personality: bolder males are less fecund in the hermit crabPagurus bernhardus

2015

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One explanation for animal personality is that different behavioural types derive from different life-history strategies. Highly productive individuals, with high growth rates and high fecundity, are assumed to live life at a fast pace showing high levels of boldness and risk taking, compared with less productive individuals. Here, we investigate among-individual differences in mean boldness (the inverse of the latency to recover from a startling stimulus) and in the consistency of boldness, in male hermit crabs in relation to two aspects of life-history investment. We assessed aerobic scope by measuring the concentration of the respiratory pigment haemocyanin, and we assessed fecundity by measuring spermatophore size. First, we found that individuals investing in large spermatophores also had high concentrations of haemocyanin. Using doubly hierarchical-generalized linear models to analyse longitudinal data on startle responses, we show that hermit crabs vary both in their mean response durations and in the consistency of their behaviour. Individual consistency was unrelated to haemocyanin concentration or spermatophore size, but mean startle response duration increased with spermatophore size. Thus, counter to expectations, it was the most risk-averse individuals, rather than the boldest and most risk prone, that were the most productive. We suggest that similar patterns should be present in other species, if the most productive individuals avoid risky behaviour.

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“…Many researchers believe that a fundamental factor structuring personality differences is the degree to which individual behavior is guided by environmental stimuli (6)(7)(8)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). Whereas some individuals pay attention to environmental stimuli and quickly adapt their behavior to the prevailing conditions, others show more rigid, routine-like behavior.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary emergence of responsive and unresponsive personalities

Wolf

Doorn

Weissing

2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

474

408

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In many animal species, individuals differ consistently in suites of correlated behaviors, comparable with human personalities. Increasing evidence suggests that one of the fundamental factors structuring personality differences is the responsiveness of individuals to environmental stimuli. Whereas some individuals tend to be highly responsive to such stimuli, others are unresponsive and show routine-like behaviors. Much research has focused on the proximate causes of these differences but little is known about their evolutionary origin. Here, we provide an evolutionary explanation. We develop a simple but general evolutionary model that is based on two key ingredients. First, the benefits of responsiveness are frequency-dependent; that is, being responsive is advantageous when rare but disadvantageous when common. This explains why responsive and unresponsive individuals can coexist within a population. Second, positive-feedback mechanisms reduce the costs of responsiveness; that is, responsiveness is less costly for individuals that have been responsive before. This explains why individuals differ consistently in their responsiveness, across contexts and over time. As a result, natural selection gives rise to stable individual differences in responsiveness. Whereas some individuals respond to environmental stimuli in all kinds of contexts, others consistently neglect such stimuli. Interestingly, such differences induce correlations among all kinds of other traits (e.g., boldness and aggressiveness), thus providing an explanation for environment-specific behavioral syndromes.architecture of behavior ͉ behavioral flexibility ͉ behavioral syndromes ͉ individual differences ͉ reactivity E mpirical findings in Ͼ100 species, ranging from insects to mammals, suggest that personalities are a widespread phenomenon in the animal kingdom (1-9). Individuals differ profoundly from each other in their behavior, and these differences are often consistent over time and extend to various contexts. In birds, fish, and rodents, for example, some individuals are consistently more aggressive than others, and aggressive individuals differ from nonaggressive individuals in many other respects like foraging behavior or the exploration of novel environments (5). From an adaptive point of view, both the coexistence of behavioral types and the consistency of individuals are poorly understood (10, 11).Many researchers believe that a fundamental factor structuring personality differences is the degree to which individual behavior is guided by environmental stimuli (6)(7)(8)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). Whereas some individuals pay attention to environmental stimuli and quickly adapt their behavior to the prevailing conditions, others show more rigid, routine-like behavior. Such differences in responsiveness (also termed coping style, reactivity, flexibility, plasticity) have been documented in many organisms including birds [e.g., great tits (12), spice finches (13), and zebra finches (14)] and mammals [e.g., rats and mice (7)...

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Development of shy/bold behaviour in squid: context-specific phenotypes associated with developmental plasticity

Cited by 172 publications

References 57 publications

Individual behavioral phenotypes: An integrative meta‐theoretical framework. Why “behavioral syndromes” are not analogs of “personality”

Individual behavioral phenotypes: An integrative meta‐theoretical framework. Why “behavioral syndromes” are not analogs of “personality”

Individual quality and personality: bolder males are less fecund in the hermit crabPagurus bernhardus

Evolutionary emergence of responsive and unresponsive personalities

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