Development of sleep and wakefulness patterns in the infant rhesus monkey

Meier, Gilbert W.; Berger, Ralph J.

doi:10.1016/0014-4886(65)90071-3

Cited by 67 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 18 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Although eye movement has occasionally been studied as a classically conditioned response (Deaux and Gormezano, 1963;Zikmund, 1964), operant conditioning of eye movement has not previously been reported. Operant conditioning of this response is of interest, particularly if low rates can be brought under control by a schedule, such as differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL), (Skinner and Morse, 1958;Wilson and Keller, 1953), in which only those responses which terminate interresponse times longer than some particular value (the DRL value) effects of different rates of wakeful eye movement on rapid eye movements occurring during subsequent, low-voltage, fast-wave electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep (Meier and Berger, 1965); these effects will be reported elsewhere. In order to increase the likelihood of successfully controlling eye movements, several discriminative stimuli were employed, using techniques similar to those used by Hefferline (1958) in reinforcement of small muscle movement.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

OPERANT CONDITIONING OF EYE MOVEMENT IN THE MONKEY (Macaca nemestrina)¹

Berger

1968

J Exper Analysis Behavior

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

With the horizontal electrooculographic potential as the operant, four monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) were conditioned to move their eyes at high and low rates by initial use of fixedratio schedules of reinforcement, followed by a changeover to multiple schedules of fixed-ratio reinforcement and discriminated differential reinforcement of low rate. These differences in rate of eye movement were not observed in a control animal given the same patterns of discriminative stimuli and deliveries of the reinforcing agent independent of its eye movements.Eye movement is a response which can be considered to occupy an intermediate position between involuntary and voluntary responses. It is controlled via the oculomotor nuclei, which are also involved in eyelid movement, a response that has been extensively studied using classical conditioning techniques. Although eye movement has occasionally been studied as a classically conditioned response (Deaux and Gormezano, 1963;Zikmund, 1964), operant conditioning of eye movement has not previously been reported. Operant conditioning of this response is of interest, particularly if low rates can be brought under control by a schedule, such as differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL), (Skinner and Morse, 1958;Wilson and Keller, 1953), in which only those responses which terminate interresponse times longer than some particular value (the DRL value) are reinforced. This might seem difficult for a response such as eye movement, in view of its partly involuntary nature and its high normal rate of occurrence compared with most skeletal responses.

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

OPERANT CONDITIONING OF EYE MOVEMENT IN THE MONKEY (Macaca nemestrina)¹

Berger

1968

J Exper Analysis Behavior

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Directions for future research were suggested. (Meier & Berger, 1965). This latter state has also been termed " REMsleep" and "paradoxical sleep" (Dement, 1965;Jouvet, 1960).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The LVF/total-sleep ratio in humans drops from over 50% in infancy to less than 14% in old age (Roffwarg, Muzio, & Dement, 1966). Research with rhesus monkeys (Meier & Berger, 1965) also indicates a general developmental decline in LVF. Jouvet-Mounier (1968) and Jouvet-Mounier, Astic and Lacote, (1970) reported developmental LVF-declines in the rat, the cat, and the guinea pig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The other state, when it appears, follows HVS in most mammals, and is characterized by lowvoltage fast-wave ECoG records and by a radical loss of neck muscle tonus (low-voltage, fastwave sleep, [LVS]), (Meier & Berger, 1965). This latter state has also been termed "REMsleep" and "paradoxical sleep" (Dement, 1965;Jouvet, 1960).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This latter state has also been termed "REMsleep" and "paradoxical sleep" (Dement, 1965;Jouvet, 1960). Both states appear in cyclic fashion (Aserinsky & Kleitman, 1953;Meier & Berger, 1965).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Some developmental observations on the effects of prolonged deprivation of Low‐voltage Fast‐wave sleep in the deermouse, peromyscus maniculatus Bairdi

Mitler

1971

Developmental Psychobiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Previous electrophysiological work with adult deermice (P. m. bairdi) (Mitler & Levine, 1970) indicated that: three states of arousal could be reliably distinguished: low-voltage, fast-wave sleep (LVF), high-voltage, slow-wave sleep (HVS), and waking (W); low-electromyograph (EMG) activity was concomitant with LVF; and time in LVF was radically reduced in mice perched above a shock-grid on a pedestal too small to permit total loss of muscle tonus. A preliminary aim of the present research was to gather electrophysiological data on juvenile deermice to construct some estimate of developmental sleep changes. Electrocorticograph (ECoG) and (EMG) records, from three 20-day-old mice while motionless with eyes closed, also reflected LVF, HVS, and W, but in proportions different from those reported by Mitler and Levine. Juvenile mice showed 1/3 more LVF than did adults. The main goal of this research was to explore the effects of long-term LVFdeprivation on juvenile and adult mice. Litters were selected at either 20 or 53 days of age. Littermates were assigned to one of four 14-day treatment conditions in an Age × Treatment design with 3 subjects per cell. The 1st treatment, LVF-deprivation, consisted of perching on a pedestal over a shock-grid. The remaining 3 conditions ran simulataneously with the former. Mice in the yoked control condition had approximately equal free movement volume as those mice restricted to the pedestal, and were 'yoked' to those animals with respect to shock. Mice in the sleep deprivation condition were confined to a treadmill in motion 19 of each 24 hr. Finally, mice in the isolated condition were caged alone. After treatment, animals were placed in activity recording cages for 21 days.Dependent variables included body weight before treatment, after treatment, and after procedure, brain weight, brain/body weight ratios, activity, and regularity of activity for the 21 days posttreatment. Major findings indicated that animals LVF-deprived from 20 to 34 days of age were more active than controls while animals LVF-deprived from 53 to 67 days of age were less active than controls. There were no interpretable differences among treatments in regularity of activity, body weight, or brain weight. Results were discussed in terms of input requirements for CNS development and/or maintenance. Directions for future research were suggested. (Meier & Berger, 1965). This latter state has also been termed " REMsleep" and "paradoxical sleep" (Dement, 1965;Jouvet, 1960). Both states appear in cyclic fashion (Aserinsky & Kleitman, 1953;Meier & Berger, 1965). KeywordsOf the 2 states, LVF has received more attention by far. One of the most striking properties of mammalian LVF is its diminution with age. The LVF/total-sleep ratio in humans drops from over 50% in infancy to less than 14% in old age (Roffwarg, Muzio, & Dement, 1966). Research with rhesus monkeys (Meier & Berger, 1965) also indicates a general developmental decline in LVF. Jouvet-Mounier (1968) and Jouvet-Mounier, Astic and Lacote, (1970) repo...

show abstract

Development of the cholinergic, nitrergic, and GABAergic innervation of the cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus

Carden¹,

Datskovskaia²,

Guido³

et al. 2000

J. Comp. Neurol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cholinergic projections from the brainstem have been shown to be important modulators of visual activity in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the adult, but little is known about the role of these modulatory inputs during development. We examined the postnatal development of the cholinergic innervation of the dLGN by using an monoclonal antibody against choline acetyl transferase (ChAT). We also investigated the development of GABAergic interneurons in the dLGN by using an antibody against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and the developmental expression of brain nitric oxide synthase (BNOS) by using an antibody against this enzyme. We found that brainstem cells surrounding the brachium conjunctivum express ChAT at birth, although axons in the dLGN do not express ChAT until the end of the first postnatal week. Cholinergic synaptic contacts were observed as early as the second postnatal week. The number of axons stained with the ChAT antibody increased slowly during the subsequent weeks in the dLGN and reached adult levels by the eighth postnatal week. GABAergic interneurons were present at birth and reached their adult soma size by the third postnatal week. GABAergic fibers are dense at birth but change during development from a diffuse pattern to clustered arrangements that can be recognized as distinct rings of GAD staining by P35. Cellular expression of BNOS was seen within all dLGN laminae during development. The BNOS-stained cells are tentatively identified as interneurons because their soma sizes were similar to those of GAD-stained cells. Although cellular BNOS staining remained robust in the C1-3 laminae through adulthood, cellular expression of BNOS in the A laminae declined during the first five postnatal weeks and remains sparse in the adult. As cellular BNOS staining declined, there was a steady increase in BNOS-stained fibers, which paralleled the increase of ChAT-stained fibers that are known to colocalize BNOS in the adult. Our results emphasize the continued transformations of intrinsic as well as extrinsic innervation patterns that occur during the development of the dLGN.

show abstract

Development of sleep and wakefulness patterns in the infant rhesus monkey

Cited by 67 publications

References 18 publications

OPERANT CONDITIONING OF EYE MOVEMENT IN THE MONKEY (Macaca nemestrina)¹

OPERANT CONDITIONING OF EYE MOVEMENT IN THE MONKEY (Macaca nemestrina)¹

Some developmental observations on the effects of prolonged deprivation of Low‐voltage Fast‐wave sleep in the deermouse, peromyscus maniculatus Bairdi

Development of the cholinergic, nitrergic, and GABAergic innervation of the cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Development of sleep and wakefulness patterns in the infant rhesus monkey

Cited by 67 publications

References 18 publications

OPERANT CONDITIONING OF EYE MOVEMENT IN THE MONKEY (Macaca nemestrina)1

OPERANT CONDITIONING OF EYE MOVEMENT IN THE MONKEY (Macaca nemestrina)1

Some developmental observations on the effects of prolonged deprivation of Low‐voltage Fast‐wave sleep in the deermouse, peromyscus maniculatus Bairdi

Development of the cholinergic, nitrergic, and GABAergic innervation of the cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

OPERANT CONDITIONING OF EYE MOVEMENT IN THE MONKEY (Macaca nemestrina)¹

OPERANT CONDITIONING OF EYE MOVEMENT IN THE MONKEY (Macaca nemestrina)¹