Development of social contact and loneliness measures with validation in social prescribing

Abstract

AimsThis paper describes two patient-reported measures of social contact and loneliness, which are closely related concepts. The first measure (R-Outcomes Social Contact measure) was developed from scratch, based on customer needs and literature review. It covers emotional and social aspects using positive terms. The second measure (R-Outcomes Loneliness measure) is adapted from the GSS Loneliness Harmonised Standard. Both measures are patient-reported outcome measures, based on patients’ own perception of how they feel.MethodThis development started in 2016 in response to customers’ requests to measure social contact/loneliness for patients in social prescribing projects.Both measures are compared with three other loneliness measures (the GSS Loneliness Harmonised Standard, De Jong Gierveld and Campaign to End Loneliness). Both measures are short (36 and 21 words, respectively). Mean improvement is reported as a positive number on a 0–100 scale (where high is good).We tested the psychometric performance and construct validity of the R-Outcomes Social Contact measure using secondary analysis of anonymised data collected before and after social prescribing interventions in one part of Southern England.ResultsIn the validation study, 728 responses, collected during 2019–2020, were analysed. 90% were over 70 years old and 62% women. Cronbach’s α=0.76, which suggests that it is appropriate to use a single summary score. Mean Social Contact scores before and after social prescribing intervention were 59.9 (before) and 66.7 (after, p<0.001).Exploratory factor analysis shows that measures for social contact, health status, health confidence, patient experience, personal well-being, medication adherence and social determinants of health are correlated but distinct factors. Construct validation shows that the results are consistent with nine hypotheses, based on the loneliness literature.ConclusionThe R-Outcomes Social Contact measure has good psychometric and construct validation results in a population referred to social prescribing. It is complementary to other R-Outcomes measures.

Temporal dynamics in mental health symptoms and loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic in a longitudinal probability sample: a network analysis

“…Loneliness was assessed with a single item from the Government Statistical Service (GSS) harmonized principle of loneliness ( https://gss.civilservice.gov.uk/guidances/ harmonized-standards-guidance/); see also ref. [ 33 ]. Before COVID-19, the item read: “How often do you feel lonely?”.…”

Social Prescribing Initiative at Community Library and Its Impact on Residents and the Community: A Qualitative Study

“…3 A comprehensive response, including improving living environments and continuous support, is necessary. 1 Hyogo Prefectural Tamba Medical Center, Tamba, Japan 2 Professional College of Arts and Tourism, Toyooka, Japan 3 Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan 4 Hyogo Prefectural Tamba Medical Center, Tamba, Japan 5 Tottori University, Yonago, Japan…”

“…Social prescribing aims to improve health and well-being by connecting individuals with mental health, housing, and loneliness issues to informal services and support. [4][5][6][7][8] At the societal level, it encourages integrated care and collaboration among health, social, and community sectors. 9 Originating in the United Kingdom, social prescribing has gained global interest over the past decade.…”

“…It involves local agencies referring individuals to a social prescribing link worker, who co-designs personalized care and support plans with clients. 4,9 Japan has introduced a government initiative to create a community-based symbiotic society (Chiiki kyosei shakai), aiming to restructure local support networks and reduce social isolation. 11 Social prescribing, as a countermeasure against isolation and loneliness, is included in Japan's basic policy and promoted nationwide.…”

“… 9 Originating in the United Kingdom, social prescribing has gained global interest over the past decade. 4 According to the website of the NHS of England, 10 social prescribing is “an approach that connects people to activities, groups, and services in their community to meet the practical, social and emotional needs that affect their health and well-being.” It involves local agencies referring individuals to a social prescribing link worker, who co-designs personalized care and support plans with clients. 4 , 9 …”