Development of spatial pattern in large woody debris and debris dams in streams

Kraft, Clifford E.; Warren, Dana R.

doi:10.1016/s0169-555x(02)00330-6

Cited by 52 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Larger pieces of woody debris change flow hydraulics, and thus have an effect on flow J. M. Turowski et al: The mass distribution of coarse particulate organic matter velocity and sediment transport rates, which affects habitat and breeding grounds for fish and other aquatic animals (e.g., Abbe and Montgomery, 1996;Bilby and Ward, 1991;Brooks et al, 2004;Keller and Swanson, 1979;MacFarlane and Wohl, 2003;Montgomery and Piégay, 2003). Log jams are often a major element of stream morphology, and floating logs may pose a natural hazard (e.g., Comiti et al, 2006;Curran, 2010;Kraft and Warren, 2003;Manga and Kirchner, 2000;Mao et al, 2008;Mazzorana et al, 2011;Rickenmann, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mass distribution of coarse particulate organic matter exported from an Alpine headwater stream

et al. 2013

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Abstract. Coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) particles span sizes from 1 mm, with a dry mass less than 1 mg, to large logs and entire trees, which can have a dry mass of several hundred kilograms. Pieces of different size and mass play different roles in stream environments, from being the prime source of energy in stream ecosystems to macroscopically determining channel morphology and local hydraulics. We show that a single scaling exponent can describe the mass distribution of CPOM heavier than 0.1 g transported in the Erlenbach, a steep mountain stream in the Swiss pre-Alps. This exponent takes an average value of −1.8, is independent of discharge and valid for particle masses spanning almost seven orders of magnitude. Similarly, the mass distribution of in-stream large woody debris (LWD) in several Swiss streams can be described by power law scaling distributions, with exponents varying between −1.8 and −2.0, if all in-stream LWD is considered, and between −1.3 and −1.8 for material locked in log jams. We found similar values for in-stream and transported material in the literature. We had expected that scaling exponents are determined by stream type, vegetation, climate, substrate properties, and the connectivity between channels and hillslopes. However, none of the descriptor variables tested here, including drainage area, channel bed slope and the percentage of forested area, show a strong control on exponent value. Together with a rating curve of CPOM transport rates with discharge, the scaling exponents can be used in the design of measuring strategies and in natural hazard mitigation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mass distribution of coarse particulate organic matter exported from an Alpine headwater stream

et al. 2013

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“…Field surveys of the volume and spatial distribution of wood in rivers have documented signifi cant variation according to differences in geology, climate, topography, stream size, and human activities within the watershed (see Gurnell et al, 2002 for review plus Baillie and Davies, 2002;Kraft and Warren, 2003; Van der Nat et al, 2003;Webb and Erskine, 2003;Comiti et al, 2006;Lassettre et al, 2008;Mao et al, 2008a). Mass balances (Benda and Sias, 2003) and physical descriptions of wood mobility Grant, 2000, 2001; Bocchiola et al, 2006a, b;Manners and Doyle, 2008) have been formulated to provide a quantitative framework to understand this variability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying the temporal dynamics of wood in large rivers: field trials of wood surveying, dating, tracking, and monitoring techniques

MacVicar

Piégay

Henderson³

et al. 2009

Earth Surf Processes Landf

128

115

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Wood plays an important role in stream ecology and geomorphology. Previous studies of wood in rivers have quantifi ed spatial distributions but temporal dynamics remain poorly documented. The lack of such data is related to limitations of existing methods, especially when applied to large rivers. Five techniques are fi eld-tested to assess their utility for quantifying the temporal dynamics in rivers: repeated high-resolution aerial surveys, the measurement of wood physical characteristics as proxies for 14 C dating, passive and active radio frequency identifi cation (RFID) tags, radio transmitters, and video. The spatial distribution of wood is surveyed using aerial imagery with a resolution fi ner than 0·10 m. The estimation of temporal trends by repeated aerial-based surveys needs to consider vegetation growth and hiding. Wood residence times can be calculated using 14 C analysis, but the assessment of wood physical characteristics including decay status and wood density offers a cheaper, if less accurate, alternative. Wood resistance to penetration is tested but results are not signifi cant. Radio transmitters are reliable for multi-year (~5 year) surveys and can be detected at 800 m. Passive RFID tags are limited by a read range of 0·30 m but are reliable for longer term (>5 year) studies. Active RFID tags combine a moderate read range (10-300 m) and low cost with in-fl ood detection but require more testing. Video monitoring of wood passing on the surface of a river is successfully implemented. For a single fl ood on the Ain River (France), wood transport rates are an order of magnitude higher on the rising limb of the hydrograph than on the falling limb. Overall, the techniques improve the ability to gather the data needed to understand wood transfer processes and calibrate budgets of wood in rivers.

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“…Where the transport and supply of wood are abundant, wood has the tendency to aggregate, accumulating to form debris jams (Kraft and Warren, 2003). This natural phenomenon has been adapted into wood-structure design.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A mechanistic model of woody debris jam evolution and its application to wood‐based restoration and management

Manners

Doyle

2008

River Research & Apps

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The natural tendency of woody debris to accumulate into complex debris jams has been adapted by the restoration industry because of the morphological and ecological benefits of these structures. While much work has been done on woody debris, there is a lack of understanding of the dynamics of debris jams including the controls on their formation and the associated changes in hydraulics. Treatment of jams as static structures, whose hydraulics may be described by that of a single-solid object, prevents optimal success of wood-based restoration projects. This paper reviews the state of the science on the initiation and accumulation of wood forming a debris jam. This review is used to develop a conceptual model of the evolution of a single debris jam focussing on the relationship between the structure and hydraulics and the feedback that exists between them. The proposed mechanisms behind debris jam evolution are supported by a case-study of three natural jams. Incorporation of this model into restoration and management plans will result in more successful and cost-efficient projects.

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Development of spatial pattern in large woody debris and debris dams in streams

Cited by 52 publications

References 24 publications

The mass distribution of coarse particulate organic matter exported from an Alpine headwater stream

The mass distribution of coarse particulate organic matter exported from an Alpine headwater stream

Quantifying the temporal dynamics of wood in large rivers: field trials of wood surveying, dating, tracking, and monitoring techniques

A mechanistic model of woody debris jam evolution and its application to wood‐based restoration and management

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