Abstract:As green tribology is a new field of tribology still in its infancy, understanding its fundamentals is essential for its further development. In this article, a brief historical retrospective on the emergence of green tribology is introduced first, and then the definition, objectives, and disciplinary features of green tribology are clarified. In particular, the technological connotations of green tribology are expounded comprehensively. Also, the developing directions of this new area are envisaged. These findings may contribute to laying the foundation of further advancement in green tribology.Keywords: green tribology; technological connotations; environmental impact; biological impact; developing directions
BackgroundSince the 1980s, energy and environmental problems on a global scale have increased in severity year by year. Against this background, the objectives of tribology expanded gradually, and then some tribologists successively put forward several new notions: "tribology for energy conservation" (1997), "environmental friendly tribology" (2000), and "ecological tribology or ecotribology" (2000). In particular, after entering the new millennium, tribology was expected to have an increasingly important role to play along with the crises of resources, energy, and environment being aggravated in the world. Its basic objectives of "controlling friction, reducing wear, and improving lubrication" have extended to "saving energy and materials, reducing emissions, shock absorption, decreasing noise pollution, developing bio-and ecolubrication and improving quality of life." It is noticeable that tribology has developed into a new phase. In 2001, to mirror this change in objectives of tribology, a term/area "green tribology" was advanced by the present author at a national symposium on tribology in China. A paper was published from this conference [1], in which the concept and objectives of green tribology were clarified. Soon after, another two expressions also emerged successively, namely, "total tribology" (2001)(2002) and "lifecycle tribology" (2004). In 2008, the concept of green tribology was raised again by the present author at the 5th China International Symposium on Tribology in a plenary lecture, which was intended to replace similar notions as mentioned above [2]. In the lecture, an investigation of the industrial application of tribology in China was presented. It was found that the industrial enterprises of the whole nation can save 414.8 hundred million USD per year (a lowest figure selected) (1.55% of gross national product, GNP, 2006) by means of the industrial application of tribology. Just based on this investigation, it was concluded that "making tribology green"/green tribology is now able to provide full technical support to the preservation of resources and energy, environmental protection, and improvement of quality of life, and even to reduce natural disasters, and so it is certainly an important way forward to a