Development of Synergistic Heat Stabilizers for PVC From Zinc Borate-Zinc Phosphate

Erdoğdu, Cem Aykut; Atakul, Sevdiye; Balköse, Devri̇m; Ülkü, Semra

doi:10.1080/00986440802293148

Cited by 20 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Zinc could be used in toys in the form of zinc borate or zinc omadine (zinc 2-pyridinethiol-1-oxide). Zinc borate is used alone or in combination with other halogen synergists, such as antimony trioxide as a fire retardant additive for PVC products and as an anticorrosive pigment in coatings [15] (Erdodu, 2004). Zinc omadine is used as antimicrobial agent in PVC plastics [16].…”

Section: Heavy Metal Concentrations In Toys Purchased From Palestiniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Different Trace Heavy Metals in Children’s Plastic Toys Imported to the West Bank/Palestine by ICP/MS-Environmental and Health Aspects

Al-Qutob¹,

Asafra²,

Nashashibi³

et al. 2014

JEP

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The main aim of this study is to assess the quality of inexpensive plastic toys imported to Palestinian Markets. The content of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, As, Se, Ba, and Zn) was analyzed in 50 plastic toys purchased from local markets in Palestine and 17 plastic toys purchased from Israeli markets for comparison. After the digestion of samples with concentrated nitric acids and hydrogen peroxide using a microwave digester, the concentrations of the selected heavy metals were determined by ICP-MS Agilent 7500 in Al-Quds University. Results revealed that 40% of the Palestinian toy samples had high concentration (above international limits) of Pb, 30% of Cd, 34% of Cr, 6% of Hg, 42% of As, 32% of Se, 20% of Ba, and 40% of Zn. On the other hand, 95% of the Israeli samples were safe, and their concentrations were less than the maximum internationally allowable limits. In the same context, ten toy samples (2.5 gm each) had been crushed and dipped for 8 hours in a solution of artificial saliva. The solution was acidified and tested for heavy metal concentrations, but none of the migration concentrations exceeded the international maximum allowable limit. High levels of heavy metal concentrations, found in the plastic toys from the Palestinian markets could form a health hazard to children and put their lives at risk. It could be also an indirect source for environmental pollution. * Corresponding author.M. Al-Qutob et al. 1105

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Section: Heavy Metal Concentrations In Toys Purchased From Palestiniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Different Trace Heavy Metals in Children’s Plastic Toys Imported to the West Bank/Palestine by ICP/MS-Environmental and Health Aspects

Al-Qutob¹,

Asafra²,

Nashashibi³

et al. 2014

JEP

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“…Then, zinc borate-methanol mixture reacted with carbonic acid as shown in eq 10. Since the structure of Zn[B 3 O 4 (OH) 3 ] is quite stable and has no water of crystallization, no carbonate formation was observed in the drying of that zinc borate. The larger particle size of that product might be another reason for not observing any reaction, since the reaction between zinc borate and carbon dioxide takes places on the surface of the solid particles.…”

Section: Characterization Of Supercritical Co 2 Dried Zinc Borate Promentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The larger particle size of that product might be another reason for not observing any reaction, since the reaction between zinc borate and carbon dioxide takes places on the surface of the solid particles. In this study, the particle size of Zn[B 3 …”

Section: Characterization Of Supercritical Co 2 Dried Zinc Borate Promentioning

confidence: 99%

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Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Drying of Methanol−Zinc Borate Mixtures

Gönen

Balköse

Gupta

et al. 2009

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Supercritical carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) drying of zinc borate species was investigated to evaluate possible chemical alterations in the product during the drying. Methanol-wetted zinc borates produced either from borax decahydrate and zinc nitrate hexahydrate (2ZnO · 3B 2 O 3 · 7H 2 O) or from zinc oxide and boric acid (2ZnO · 3B 2 O 3 · 3H 2 O) were dried by both conventional and supercritical carbon dioxide drying methods. Zinc borate samples dried by both techniques were characterized using analytical titration, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that while zinc borate obtained from zinc oxide and boric acid did not have any chemical interaction with CO 2 , carbonates were formed on the surface of zinc borate obtained from borax decahydrate and zinc nitrate hexahydrate. The main factor for the carbonate formation during supercritical CO 2 drying is anticipated as the structural differences of zinc borate species. CO 2 is a nonpolar solvent, and it does not usually react with polar substances unless water is present in the medium. While 2ZnO · 3B 2 O 3 · 3H 2 O had three bound OH groups, 2ZnO · 3B 2 O 3 · 7H 2 O had five bound OH groups and one mole of water of crystallization. It is proposed that the water of crystallization reacts with CO 2 forming carbonic acid. Then, carbonic acid, which is stronger than boric acid, substitutes borate ions from their zinc salts.

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“…The interest in the production of zinc borate has steadily grown because of the great expectations for the applications including polymer additive as flame retardants, the preservative in wood composites and additive for lubrication [1][2][3][4][5]. There have been different crystalline forms of hydrated zinc borate which can be prepared selectively using either borax and soluble zinc salt or boric acid and zinc oxide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of zinc borate by inverse emulsion technique for lubrication

Savrık

Balköse

Ülkü

2010

J Therm Anal Calorim

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Lubricating oil additives based on boron compounds are promising materials for lubrication due to their tribological advantages such as antiwear efficiency, good film strength, and high temperature resistance. This article deals with the preparation of zinc borate particles that are well dispersed and colloidally stabilized in mineral oil. This method starts with preparing two inverse emulsions (water-in-oil) with sorbitan monostearate (Span 60) as a surfactant, light neutral oil as a continuous phase, and the aqueous solutions of borax decahydrate (Na 2 B 4 O 7 Á10H 2 O) and zinc nitrate (Zn(NO 3 ) 2 Á6H 2 O) as the dispersed phases. The produced particles were zinc borate crystals having both rod-like and spherical morphologies, and the diameters of spherical particles were changing between 20 and 30 nm. FTIR spectra of the obtained particles showed the characteristic peaks of trihedral borate (B(3)-O) and tetrahedral borate (B(4)-O) groups as well as the specific peaks of the sorbitan monostearate. TG showed 30.42% and 22.08% mass loss at 600°C for the samples prepared by inverse emulsion and precipitation techniques, respectively. The endothermic peak at 50°C is observed due to the melting of sorbitan monostearate and the heat of melting is evaluated as -3.50 J/g. Tribological studies revealed that sorbitan monostearate not only outperformed as a dispersing agent of inorganic particles, but also it proved to be an anti-wear agent. Zinc borate produced by precipitation decreased the wear scar diameter from 1.402 to 0.639 mm and the friction coefficient from 0.099 to 0.064. The inverse emulsion was effective in decreasing wear scar diameter and the friction coefficient by lowering them to 0.596 and 0.089 mm, respectively.

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Development of Synergistic Heat Stabilizers for PVC From Zinc Borate-Zinc Phosphate

Cited by 20 publications

References 7 publications

Determination of Different Trace Heavy Metals in Children’s Plastic Toys Imported to the West Bank/Palestine by ICP/MS-Environmental and Health Aspects

Determination of Different Trace Heavy Metals in Children’s Plastic Toys Imported to the West Bank/Palestine by ICP/MS-Environmental and Health Aspects

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Drying of Methanol−Zinc Borate Mixtures

Synthesis of zinc borate by inverse emulsion technique for lubrication

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