Development of System Control for Rapid Warm-up Operation of Fuel Cell

Evaporative cooling for polymer electrolyte fuel cells - An operando analysis at technical single cell level

“…u Tdp (7) The volumetric evaporation rate Vev can be calculated with the molar mass of water M H2 O and the density of liquid water at 25 • C, ρ H2 O as follows:…”

“…Especially in medium and heavy-duty transport applications, they are a viable alternative to internal combustion engines and battery powered drivetrains. PEFCs provide high volumetric and gravimetric power densities [5,6], system efficiencies above 60% [3], fast start-up times [2] and decent cold-start capabilities [7]. Additionally, hydrogen as fuel enables high mileage and fast refueling [8,9].…”

Catalytic hydrogen–oxygen reaction in anode and cathode for cold start of proton exchange membrane fuel cell

“…They found that startup can be achieved from À5 C without extra energy. Oszcipok et al [4] conducted cold start experiments based on a potable 6-cell stack with 30 cm 2 active area, and unassisted startup capability from À10 C was approved, but the startup fails from À20 C. Toyota Motor Corporation [5] reported in 2012 that the fuel cell stack used in a hybrid vehicle (FCHV-adv) can start from À30 C within 60 s, and the startup time here is defined as the time when the stack temperature reaches 0 C. In this system, a rapid warm-up operating strategy is applied, and no auxiliary devices are equipped for assisting cold start.…”

A model based investigation of evaporative cooling for polymer electrolyte fuel cells – Stack level analysis

“…Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) [1][2][3][4] are a promising alternative to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV) and battery electric vehicles (BEV), particularly for heavy-duty transport applications, since they allow an efficient and emission-free conversion of hydrogen, provide high mileage [5] and short refueling times [6]. Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC) are a favorable propulsion system for automotive applications, since they reach peak system efficiencies above 60% [3], system power densities of more than 640 W/L [7], respectively 659 W/kg [8] and allow start-up times below 10 s at 20 • C and 20 s at − 20 • C (to 50% of rated power) [2] as well as freeze-start capabilities at temperatures below − 30 • C [9]. However, several key issues regarding durability, power density, efficiency, dynamic response, heat rejection and cost have to be solved to achieve an increasing market penetration [10].…”