Development of the Community Water Model (CWatM v1.04)
A high-resolution hydrological model for global and regional
assessment of integrated water resources management

Burek, Peter; Satoh, Yusuke; Kahil, Taher; Tang, Ting; Greve, Peter; Smilovic, Mikhail; Guillaumot, Luca; Wada, Yoshihide

doi:10.5194/gmd-2019-214

Cited by 11 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…The seven terrestrial hydrology models used in this study include five global hydrological models (GHMs ): CWatM52 , H0815,53,54 , MPI-HM , 490 PCR-GLOBWB 56 , and WaterGAP2 ; one global land surface model (LSM 51 ): CLM4.5 58 ; and one dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM): LPJmL 59 . All models simulate the key terrestrial ISIMIP2b 38 ; https://www.isimip.org/).…”

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confidence: 99%

Global terrestrial water storage and drought severity under climate change

et al. 2021

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Terrestrial water storage (TWS) strongly modulates the hydrological cycle and is a key determinant of water availability and an indicator of drought. While historical TWS variations have been studied, future changes in TWS and the linkages to droughts remain unexamined. Here, using ensemble hydrological simulations, we show that climate change could reduce TWS in many regions, especially in the southern hemisphere. A strong inter-ensemble agreement indicates high confidence in the projected changes that are driven primarily by climate forcing, rather than land-water management activities. Declines in TWS translate to increase in future droughts. By the late-21 st century global land area and population in extreme-to-exceptional TWS drought could more than double, each increasing from 3% during 1976-2005 to 7% and 8%, respectively. Our findings highlight the importance of climate change mitigation to avoid adverse impacts on TWS and related droughts, and the need for adaptation to improve water resource management. TWS-the sum of continental water stored in canopies, snow and ice, rivers, lakes and 51 reservoirs, wetlands, soil, and groundwater-is a critical component of the global water and energy budget. It plays key roles in determining water resource availability 1 and modulating water flux interactions among various Earth system components 2 . Further, observed changes in TWS are inherently linked to droughts 2-6 , floods 7 , and global sea level change [8][9][10][11] . Despite such importance, global TWS remains less studied relative to hydrological fluxes (e.g., river discharge, evapotranspiration, and groundwater flow) owing to the lack of large-scale observations and challenges in explicitly resolving all TWS components in hydrological modeling 12 . This generally holds true for historical analyses; crucially, no study has to date examined the potential impacts of future climate change on global TWS. Recent modeling advancements 13 have improved the representation of TWS in global hydrological models 14,15 (GHMs) and land surface models 12 (LSMs). The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission provided added opportunities to improve and validate TWS simulations in these models. GRACE TWS data and model simulations, often in combination, have been used for wide ranging applications including the assessment of water resources and impacts of human activities on the water cycle 14,16 , quantifying aquifer depletion 12,14,[17][18][19] , monitoring drought [3][4][5][6]20 , and assessing flood potential 7 . These studies have advanced the understanding of global TWS systems that are continually changing under natural hydro-climatic variability and accelerating human land-water management activities, but the 70 focus has been on historical variabilities in TWS. Further, future projections from general 71 circulation models (GCMs) have been used to quantify climate change impacts on hydrological 72 fluxes [21][22][23] and storages, but the projections of storages are limited to a subset of T...

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confidence: 99%

Global terrestrial water storage and drought severity under climate change

et al. 2021

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“…A large portion of the models includes hydrological assessment, with the possibility to evaluate the impacts of human withdrawals and climatic changes on the water cycle, water demands and resources. Highly complex physical dynamics, such as soil water transfer, evaporation and evapotranspiration (ET) are often included with nonlinear systems of equations Burek et al (2019); Schaphoff et al (2018). The major aspects often neglected or simplified, which also represent growing research areas, are related to groundwater, alternative water sources (wastewater, desalination) and water quality Gleeson and Richter (2018); Jones et al (2020); Strokal et al (2019).…”

Section: Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate-Land-Energy-Water Nexus Models Across Scales: Progress, Gaps and Best Accessibility Practices

Vinca

Riahi

Rowe

et al. 2021

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Approaches that integrate feedback between climate, land, energy and water (CLEW) have progressed significantly in scope and complexity. The so-called nexus approaches have shown their usefulness in assessing strategies to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals in the contexts of increasing demands, resource scarcity, and climate change. However, most nexus analyses omit some important inter-linkages that could actually be addressed. The omissions often stem from technical and practical considerations, but also from limited dissemination of new open-source frameworks incorporating recent advances. We review and present a set of models that can meet the needs of decision makers for analysis tools capable of addressing a broad range of nexus questions. Particular attention is given to model accessibility, usability and community support. The other objective of this review is to discuss research gaps, and critical needs and opportunities for further model development from a scientific viewpoint. We explore at different scales where and why some nexus interactions are most relevant. We find that both very small scale and global models tend to neglect some CLEW interactions, but for different reasons. The former rarely include climate impacts, which are often marginal at the local level, while the latter mostly lack some aspects because of the complexity of large full CLEW systems at the global level.

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“…CWatM (Burek et al, 2020) is a hydrological rainfall-runoff and channel routing model developed at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA). It is used to quantify water availability, human water use, and the effects of water infrastructure, including reservoirs, groundwater pumping, and irrigation.…”

Section: Cwatmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to calculate the associated maps, the approach of Pistocchi and Pennington (2006) is used. Please see Burek et al (2020) for a more detailed description of CWatM hydrological processes.…”

Section: Cwatmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using the Budyko Framework for Calibrating a Global Hydrological Model

Greve

Burek

Wada

2020

Water Resources Research

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Global hydrological models (GHMs) have become an established tool to simulate water resources worldwide. Most of the GHMs are however uncalibrated and typically use a set of basic hydrological parameters, that could potentially lead to unrealistic projections of the terrestrial water cycle. The calibration of hydrological models is usually performed by using and comparing modeled to observed discharge. Accurate station data and reliable time series data of discharge are, however, often not available for many parts of the world and classic calibration approaches are therefore not feasible. In this paper, we aim to develop a new calibration approach that requires no additional data, is easy to implement, and substantially improves model performance, especially in regions where uncalibrated model performance is rather poor. This is achieved by using the Budyko framework, which provides a conceptual representation of the long-term water and energy balance. We use a state-of-the-art GHM and calibrate the model within nine river catchments of different sizes and characteristics. Since observed river discharge is available for these catchments, we are able to compare the Budyko-based calibration approach to a classic discharge-based calibration scheme and the uncalibrated model version. In all catchments, the Budyko-based calibration approach decreases biases and increases model performance compared to the uncalibrated model version although performance improvements obtained through a classic calibration approach are greater. Nonetheless, a Budyko-based calibration is a valuable, intermediate approach between use of a basic set of a priori hydrological parameters and classical calibration against discharge data. 1. Motivation Global hydrological models (GHMs) have become a common tool to assess the large-scale dynamics of surface and subsurface hydrological processes, ranging from more classical hydrologic modeling approaches focusing on small catchment areas, up to continental-basin scales. At smaller scales, models are usually calibrated using a large set of parameters. The majority of GHMs are however uncalibrated, typically using reduced sets of a priori parameters. Focusing on individual or small sets of catchments, calibration is usually performed using observed discharge. Global modeling approaches suffer from multiple issues hindering a reasonable and feasible calibration procedure, most prominently the varying availability of accurate discharge observations in different world regions (Hanasaki et al., 2018; Müller-Schmid et al., 2014). While in North America, Europe, and parts of Asia dense gauging networks enable a comprehensive calibration of model parameters, this is largely impossible in Africa, South America, Australia, and other parts of Asia. In addition, GHMs usually show large uncertainties and biases and do not permit quantitative assessments of past, present, and future hydroclimatological changes, especially in these data-scarce regions. Calibrating GHMs only against observed records that are concen...

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Development of the Community Water Model (CWatM v1.04) A high-resolution hydrological model for global and regional assessment of integrated water resources management

Cited by 11 publications

References 77 publications

Global terrestrial water storage and drought severity under climate change

Global terrestrial water storage and drought severity under climate change

Climate-Land-Energy-Water Nexus Models Across Scales: Progress, Gaps and Best Accessibility Practices

Using the Budyko Framework for Calibrating a Global Hydrological Model

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