Development of the “COVID-19 psychological impact Scale”: A validity and reliability study

Abstract

This scale development study aimed to identify the level of COVID-19 impact on the psychology of adults during or after the pandemic. The study group consisted of 1604 individuals for the first stage and 597 individuals for the second stage, who were reached online through convenience sampling method. After the exploratory factor analysis performed on the 50-item pilot survey, a three-factor structure was obtained explaining 60.96% of the total variance. The load values of the items in the “Dejection” sub-dimension were between 0.65 and 0.82, in the “Anxiety” sub-dimension between 0.59 and 0.77 and in the “Frustration” sub-dimension between 0.70 and 0.76. In the reliability analysis, the Cronbach Alpha value for the whole scale was found to be 0.93, and the Cronbach Alpha values for the subscales were found to be Dejection = 0.94, Anxiety = 0.81 and Frustration = 0.83. For similar criterion validity, the survey was applied to 597 new participants and the Pearson Moment Correlation Coefficient between the “COVID-19 Psychological Impact Scale” and the “Depression Anxiety Stress Scale” was found to be 0.71. A confirmatory factor analysis was carried out with the new data set from 597 participants and the goodness of fit index values obtained showed that the model was acceptable and/or perfect compatible. As a result of the research, it has been revealed that the “COVID-19 Psychological Impact Scale” is a valid and reliable scale applicable to adults aged 18 and over.

Attitudes of Polish adolescents towards energy drinks. Part 1. Development, validation and reliability testing of a scale to identify attitudes towards energy drinks

“…Based on the opinions of a panel of experts, the authors accepted, modified or rejected statements building the scale [73]. Similar procedure of content validation was performed by Byrne et al while developing a scale to measure students' attitudes towards learning professional skills [74], and by Akan while validating a scale allowing assessment of the level of COVID-19 psychological impact on adults during or after the pandemic [75].…”

An Exploratory Factor Analysis of Long Covid

“…The current study addresses many of these methodologic and conceptual limitations. In particular, an adequate sample size [37][38][39], a comprehensive list of COVID symptoms, and an adequate ratio of the number of participants to variables [40]. Furthermore, to enable a more sophisticated assessment of symptom burden, the frequency and severity of each symptom was measured, which is an improvement over most prior questionnaires that only measure symptom occurrence.…”

Examining the psychosocial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic: an international cross-sectional study protocol

“…16 In response, several COVID-19-specific scales have been developed which vary in focus and length. For example, one scale assesses fear associated with COVID-19 infection 17 (see also Akan 6 ), while another one examined a wide range of impacts of the pandemic and public health restrictions on physical health, employment and finances, and family and social disruption. 18 Notably, the latter scale, in attempting to capture the wider psychosocial impacts, frequently reflects the context and country in which they were developed, limiting their more general applicability in other contexts.…”

“… 30 Notably, the existing pandemic-related scales were also consulted in scale development. 6 16–20 The items and subscales of CPIS were modelled on the Social Readjustment Scale 31 assessing exposure to pandemic-related life events (disruptions to personal, family, employment, faith, education and daily routines) and the resultant level of stress. It also included questions examining the potential positive consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.…”