Development of the endophytic parasite, Rafflesia patma Blume, among host plant (Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston) vascular cambium tissue

Mursidawati, Sofi; Wicaksono, Adhityo; Silva, Jaime A. Teixeira da

doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2019.03.028

Cited by 16 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…This study was done in October 2017. The sample of Rafflesia patma young flower bud (the flower bud was approximately 6 months old) with diameter around 3 cm from grafted Tetrastigma leucostaphylum in the same plant as in the other study (Wicaksono et al 2017;Mursidawati et al 2019;Mursidawati et al 2020) was taken along with some incision of Tetrastigma leucpstaphylum root where it grew. One big cut in the proximal part of the bud, where the host-parasite tissue is connected, was made using a scalpel (approximately within area of 3×2 cm) with thickness of approximately 1 mm ( Figure 1.A, cut into 1.B).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The tissue of R. patma-T. leucostaphylum after treatment with Lugol's iodine (Figure 1.B) revealed a clear separation of which tissue stored starch, indicated by black coloration only in T. leucostaphylum tissue ( Figure 1.C and D). The tissue part of T. leucostaphylum, which was also taken during the sampling, is the cortex region of the vine root that is extruded during the final development of the R. patma flower bud tissue along with smaller part of the periderm tissue (Mursidawati et al 2019). The cortex region comprises of the parenchyma tissue, which is specialized to store starch from the photosynthesis (Beck 2010).…”

Section: The Macroscopical and Microscopical Observationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rafflesia is a holoparasitic plant that relies completely on its host to obtain nutrients. Its floral organs are completely modified with minimalistic endophytic tissue on the early stage of the growth (Nikolov et al 2014;Mursidawati et al 2019), while the flower is equipped with simple vascular bundle with only xylem and vascular parenchyma (Mursidawati et al 2020). To add the oddity of the plant, it has no recognizable plastid genome upon study on Rafflesia lagascae Blanco, but there are plastidlike organelles with no endomembrane system with dubious functions (Molina et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Short Communication: Lugol’s iodine test on Rafflesia patma–Tetrastigma leucostaphylum intersection tissue for preliminary starch visualization

Wicaksono¹,

Mursidawati²

2020

Nusantara Biosci

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Abstract. Wicaksono A, Mursidawati S. 2020. Short Communication: Lugol’s iodine test on Rafflesia patma-Tetrastigma leucostaphylum intersection tissue for preliminary starch visualization. Nusantara Bioscience 12: 91-96. As holoparasitic plant, Rafflesia has no recognizable plastid genome, but it has plastid-like organelle. Despite the fact that it obtains nutrients from host plant, it is unknown if Rafflesia stores primary metabolites, such as carbohydrates, from its host. A study was performed to visualize the starch in Rafflesia patma Blume proximal tissue which was intersected to its host root, Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston, using modified Sachs’ test with Lugol’s iodine. The result revealed the absence of blackening in the R. patma tissue caused by starch reaction with the iodine, but occurred in the root cortical tissue of T. leucostaphylum. The absence of starch in R. patma tissue indicated that possibly the plastid-like organ has no similar function to amyloplast, and starch is not used for storage in the flower. It is likely that R. patma relies completely on the host’s photosynthate to maintain the flower metabolism during anthesis period. However, detailed histochemical analysis for starch or carbohydrate is needed for confirmation whether the starch is existing even in small quantity, and molecular genetic observation on sucrose intake and flowering (anthesis) regulatory genes will also be required to confirm if Rafflesia takes the photosynthate directly from its host and possibility if Rafflesia coordinates the formation of flower bud and anthesis between the endophytic tissues to prevent overexploitation of nutrients from its host.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Macroscopical and Microscopical Observationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Short Communication: Lugol’s iodine test on Rafflesia patma–Tetrastigma leucostaphylum intersection tissue for preliminary starch visualization

Wicaksono¹,

Mursidawati²

2020

Nusantara Biosci

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“…New discoveries of estranged life on earth would complete missing links in our current understanding of the evolution of life, e.g. how the largest individual flower on Earth, the parasitic plant Rafflesia, is considered one of the most complex plant life yet it has greatly reduced tissue and organ (Nikolov et al, 2014;Mursidawati et al, 2019) and this may rise question if life in space or hidden on Earth could be systematically complex yet structurally simple. In addition, the estranged metabolisms found in the creatures could also be potential in solving biology-related challenges on earth, as some useful unique halophilic enzymes are discovered in the studies of Haloferax volcanii for its use in bioremediation and biotechnology (Krzmarzick et al, 2018;Haque et al, 2020).…”

Section: Xenobiology and Study Of Hidden Life On Earthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Xenobiology: An expanded semantical review

Wicaksono¹,

Cristy²

2021

Not Sci Biol

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The definition of “xenobiology” has gradually shifted from the study of the foreign, estranged life forms potentially existing in outer space to the study where the natural and synthetic life are involved. The natural concept of xenobiology governs the unseen, hypothetical life on the outer space, and the hidden life with completely different biochemistry on Earth. The life on the outer space might possess different way to harvest energy from the one on Earth. The hidden life on Earth, or the “Shadow Biosphere” might rose from completely different way of creation and evolution on Earth, which lead to its complete difference from the known biosphere. The newest concept of xenobiology involves synthetic life, built with unnatural base pair of the nucleic acid, with analogous or xeno nucleic acid (XNA), has a synthetic genome which capable of self-replicating or enables the synthetic cell to self-replicate, or even possesses a synthetic physiological pathway. By understanding the broad spectrum of xenobiology, in both natural and synthetic concepts, we can expand our view on how life might develop into a completely estranged system, which is different from anthropocentric view of life available around us on Earth. From these perspectives, we might understand how life evolved by evolving it synthetically.

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“…Although the influence of parasite plant species on the performance of its hosts is well documented (i.e. Kim et al 2019;Lopez et al 2019;Mursidawati et al 2019), other biological and ecological aspects of these species still remain unexplored (Bardgett et al 2006). In general, most parasitic plant species are pollinated by insects and some vertebrates, and their main seed dispersers are birds and mammals (Bellot & Renner 2013;Lehn et al2015;Freitas et al 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Root parasitism by Scybalium fungiforme Schott & Endl. is not random among host species in seasonal tropical forest

et al. 2020

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Though they comprise 1 % of plant species on the planet, plant parasites are poorly known. They have been considered a threat to cultivated plants and to the conservation of host species in natural areas. Due to the complex interactions they have with their hosts, understanding their biology is fundamental to the development of conservation strategies for both parasite species and their hosts. We sampled two populations of the root parasite Scybalium fungiforme (Balanophoraceae) in seasonal tropical forest fragments to identify its host species and their functional attributes. Among the hosts, Croton floribundus seems to be preferred (68 % of parasitized plants), while four liana species were complementary hosts (32 %). Host species preference differed sharply among fragments and seems to be related to the successional stage of these forests. The hosts C. floribundus and the four liana species are perennial, fast growing and have large vessels, all of which are attributes that enable high water and nutrient acquisition efficiency. Despite a lack of clear host specificity at the species level, functional convergence among parasitized species suggests that host specificity is mediated by functional traits.

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Development of the endophytic parasite, Rafflesia patma Blume, among host plant (Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston) vascular cambium tissue

Cited by 16 publications

References 12 publications

Short Communication: Lugol’s iodine test on Rafflesia patma–Tetrastigma leucostaphylum intersection tissue for preliminary starch visualization

Short Communication: Lugol’s iodine test on Rafflesia patma–Tetrastigma leucostaphylum intersection tissue for preliminary starch visualization

Xenobiology: An expanded semantical review

Root parasitism by Scybalium fungiforme Schott & Endl. is not random among host species in seasonal tropical forest

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