“…Maximum removal efficiencies of 80 and 78%, 81 and 82%, 63 and 69%, and 79 and 89% were reported for chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and total suspended solids (TSS) for batch and continuous systems, respectively. Yadav, Chazarenc, and Mutnuri (2018) studied a twostage VFCW system to treat single household raw wastewater under tropical climate. The removal efficiencies for COD, BOD, TKN, ammoniacal nitrogen (NH 3 -N), total phosphorus (TP), total dissolved solid (TDS), and total volatile solids (TVS) in the 1st stage were 64%, 65%, 15%, 21%, 34%, and 54%, respectively, and those in the second-stage reactor were 90%, 88%, 50%, 52%, 58%, and 71%, respectively.…”