Development of the Global Earthquake Model’s neotectonic fault database

Christophersen, Annemarie; Litchfield, Nicola; Berryman, Kelvin; Thomas, R. L.; Basili, Roberto; Wallace, Laura; Ries, W.; Hayes, Gavin P.; Haller, Kathleen M.; Yoshioka, Toshikazu; Koehler, Richard; Clark, Dan; Wolfson-Schwehr, Monica; Boettcher, M. S.; Villamor, Pilar; Horspool, Nick; Ornthammarath, Teraphan; Zúñiga, F. Ramón; Langridge, Robert; Stirling, Mark; Goded, Tatiana; Costa, Carlos H.; Yeats, Robert S.

doi:10.1007/s11069-015-1831-6

Cited by 26 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…For source geometry of each unit source, we obtained the strike and dip angles of each unit source through interpolation from the Slab 2.0 grid, while the rake angle is fixed to 90° to be conservative. The maximum depths of the seismogenic zones are taken from the Global Earthquake Model (GEM) database (Christophersen et al, 2015). Gica et al (2007) showed that, within a reasonable range of uncertainty, the rake, dip, and focal depth only play secondary roles in tsunami waves at distant coastlines.…”

Section: Source Geometry and Scaling Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment (PTHA) for Southeast Coast of Chinese Mainland and Taiwan Island

Yuan

Wei

et al. 2021

JGR Solid Earth

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Tsunami impacts along the coastline of Chinese Mainland received little attention until the 2011 M w 9.0 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami devastated the neighboring country of Japan and produced 30-60 cm wave amplitudes along the East China coasts (Figure 1). In the wake of the Tohoku event, the emergency authorities of China started to ponder how a similar event elsewhere in the Pacific Rim might affect the coastal fringe of China, where the coastal communities built on low land with hundreds of millions of residents and vast infrastructures would be devastated by severe coastal inundation.For a long period of time, the tsunami hazards in Chinese Mainland were not fully addressed due to two main reasons: a vast and shallow Abstract A Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment (PTHA) study on the Chinese Mainland and the Taiwan Island was conducted. Characterized by broad and shallow continental shelves, the offshore region along Chinese Mainland's east coast yields a significant nonlinear effect and bottom friction to the propagating long waves. To address these shallow-water effects, a fully nonlinear Boussinesq model was used in the computation-based PTHA framework. We found that the inappropriate usage of the linear wave model could considerably overestimate the tsunami hazards along the East China Sea (ECS) and the Yellow Sea. Tsunami hazard along the coastline of Chinese Mainland is generally moderate. Elevated tsunami hazard levels are found along both flanks of the Yangtze and Pearl estuaries. The probability of these coastlines impacted by 1 m or greater tsunami waves (at 10-m isobath) is about 14%-40% in next century. The shallow and tongue-shaped submarine terrain amplifies the hazard level by trapping the tsunami energy in these areas. Major subduction zones in the Northwest Pacific were identified as the main sources of destructive events along the coast of ECS and the Taiwan Island, while the Manila Trench is the main source zone that threatens the Northern South China Sea. The tsunami hazards generated by the crustal earthquakes are modest, yet not negligible, particularly in the Taiwan Strait. We found the risk of tsunami inundation along the coast of Shanghai is low based on the hazard curves of total water level that incorporates the aleatory uncertainty of tides. Plain Language Summary Tsunamis are infrequent yet devastating natural hazards. Most tsunami waves are generated by underwater earthquakes, and propagate onshore with transformation of wave amplitude and wave length. The Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment is a quantitative means to estimate the probability of tsunamis affecting the coastal areas of interest, with the purposes of enhancing public awareness and assisting disaster-mitigation activities. Our study aims to address the common concerns of whether the subduction zones in the Pacific Ocean and the local crustal faults may endanger China's low-lying coastal areas that are susceptible to tsunami inundation. The main finding of the study is that both flanks of the Yangtze Estuary a...

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Section: Source Geometry and Scaling Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment (PTHA) for Southeast Coast of Chinese Mainland and Taiwan Island

Yuan

Wei

et al. 2021

JGR Solid Earth

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“…The Global Earthquake Model Foundation (GEM) has recently completed the first release (version 2019.0) of a global compilation of active faults, called the GEM Global Active Faults Database (GAF-DB) (Figure 1). The GAF-DB builds off of many existing regional and global fault databases (Figure 2), including GEM’s previous endeavor, the Faulted Earth database (Christophersen et al, 2015b). However, it differs substantially from many previous databases in its philosophy and technical design.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the founding of GEM, another effort toward the realization of a global collection of active faults began as the GEM Faulted Earth project (Christophersen et al, 2015b), one of GEM’s Global Component data compilations. The GEM Faulted Earth project was carried out by GNS Science in New Zealand, and was ambitious and multifaceted, encompassing a sophisticated web portal and a dual database format consisting of a high-resolution neotectonic fault trace database with attributes for virtually any relevant geologic observable, and a linked, lower-resolution 3D seismic source database.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The GEM Global Active Faults Database

2020

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The GEM Global Active Faults Database (GAF-DB) is the first public, comprehensive database of active faults with worldwide coverage. The GAF-DB is a compilation of many regional datasets. The GAF-DB contains ∼13,500 faults, each with associated attributes that describe the geometry, kinematics, slip rate, references, and other characteristics, as the information is available. Spatial completeness is high, and about 77% of the faults have slip rate information. The GAF-DB is built from its constituent datasets algorithmically and is designed to fluidly incorporate changes to or addition of any of the underlying datasets. This process reflects a philosophy of easily incorporating a change to avoid obsolescence and to quickly provide the most up-to-date information possible to the users. The database is licensed under a free and open-source license (CC-BY-SA 4.0) and is available at https://github.com/GEMScienceTools/gem-global-active-faults .

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“…First, this work contributes with the definition of active fault within the MAFS. Faults are those that can rupture the ground 90 surface in a single maximum magnitude earthquake (Christophersen et al, 2015). Subsequently, an active fault, is defined here as a plane that ground-rupturing with speeds of approximately 0.001 mm/year, with seismic activity associated, at least, in the last 10,000 years and is oriented in favor of the current stress field.…”

Section: Active Fault Definitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Active Faults sources of the Morelia-Acambay Fault System, Mexico based on Paleoseismology and the estimation of magnitude <i>M<sub>w</sub></i> from fault dimensions

Mendoza-Ponce¹,

Figueroa-Soto

Soria-Caballero³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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The Morelia-Acambay fault System (MAFS), located in the central part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) is delimited by an active transtensive deformation zone associated with the oblique subduction zone between the Cocos and North American plates, with a convergence velocity of 55 mm/yr at the latitude of the state of Michoacán, México. Part of the oblique convergence is transferred to the central TMVB, just in the MAFS zone, where the slip rates range from 0.009 to 2.78 mm/year. The occurrence of great earthquakes like the Acambay earthquake (M s = 6.7) on November 19, 1912 with a 5 surface rupture, and in Maravatío, 1979 with M b = 5.3 are located into the MAFS. The zone is seismically active but with large periods of recurrence, as revealed by the seismic sequence (2.5 < M w <3.0) occurred near the city of Morelia in October 2007, with focal mechanisms corresponding to normal faulting with left-lateral components. Moreover, there are some paleoseismicanalyses showing quaternary movements of some faults with magnitudes between 6.0 -7.1M w . The purpose of this work is to probe an intrinsic definition of Active Faults for the MAFS as well as the estimation of possible maximum earthquake 10 magnitudes, in order to understand the dynamic of seismic activity along the MAFS. For the new fault dimensions and using three empirical relationships, we found a maximum magnitude of M w = 7. Additionally, a slip-rates series were compiled and analyzed, the results show a temporal strong persistence behavior and a high value of fractal dimension (D b = 1.86) related with a less concentration of small slip-rates. In other words, there is not an excess of the deformation in the MAFS in a single or restricted range of scales, and furthermore, this represents a migration of the ruptures to larger scales (3  length  38 km). 15Copyright statement. TEXT

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Development of the Global Earthquake Model’s neotectonic fault database

Cited by 26 publications

References 40 publications

Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment (PTHA) for Southeast Coast of Chinese Mainland and Taiwan Island

Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment (PTHA) for Southeast Coast of Chinese Mainland and Taiwan Island

The GEM Global Active Faults Database

Active Faults sources of the Morelia-Acambay Fault System, Mexico based on Paleoseismology and the estimation of magnitude <i>M<sub>w</sub></i> from fault dimensions

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Development of the Global Earthquake Model’s neotectonic fault database

Cited by 26 publications

References 40 publications

Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment (PTHA) for Southeast Coast of Chinese Mainland and Taiwan Island

Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment (PTHA) for Southeast Coast of Chinese Mainland and Taiwan Island

The GEM Global Active Faults Database

Active Faults sources of the Morelia-Acambay Fault System, Mexico based on Paleoseismology and the estimation of magnitude &lt;i&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; from fault dimensions

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Active Faults sources of the Morelia-Acambay Fault System, Mexico based on Paleoseismology and the estimation of magnitude <i>M<sub>w</sub></i> from fault dimensions