Development of the Heart and Great Vessels

Gruber, Peter J.; Wessels, Andy; Kubalak, Steven W.

doi:10.1002/9781118320754.ch1

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 159 publications

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“…Differentiating progenitor cells start the expression of various cardiac transcription factor encoding genes including Tbx2-5, Tbx20, Mef2c, Gata4, and Hand2 which results in the activation of the cardiomyogenetic program in these cells (Francou et al, 2013;Miquerol & Kelly, 2013;Rochais et al, 2009). As mentioned earlier, the CC forms the straight heart tube which consists of the primitive left ventricle, arterial pole, and venous pole (Figure 1c) (Gruber et al, 2012). Differentiated cardiomyocytes residing in the straight heart tube express cardiac transcription factor encoding genes, including Gata4, Tbx2, Tbx5, Mef2c, and Baf60c.…”

Section: Genetic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…The heart tube is open at the dorsal wall and is connected the body of the embryo by the dorsal mesocardium (DM) all along the dorsal wall. At this stage the heart, as shown histologically, consists of an endocardial layer and myocardial bilayer of cells which are separated by a thick layer of an acellular extracellular matrix called cardiac jelly (CJ) (Figure 1d) (Gruber et al, 2012;Miquerol & Kelly, 2013).…”

Section: Early Heart Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By completing the normal looping phase, distinct chambers begin to appear and align with the tracts. Looping is then followed by extensive morphological remodeling including trabeculation, chamber septation, cushion and valve formation to form the four-chambered heart with parallel blood flow through it (Figure 1h) (Gruber et al, 2012;Taber, 2006). Looping is a crucial stage in heart development.…”

Section: Early Heart Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An integrative multiscale view of early cardiac looping

Ebrahimi

Bradley

Hunter

2021

WIREs Mechanisms of Disease

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The heart is the first organ to form and function during the development of an embryo. Heart development consists of a series of events believed to be highly conserved in vertebrates. Development of heart begins with the formation of the cardiac fields followed by a linear heart tube formation. The straight heart tube then undergoes a ventral bending prior to further bending and helical torsion to form a looped heart. The looping phase is then followed by ballooning, septation, and valve formation giving rise to a four-chambered heart in avians and mammals. The looping phase plays a central role in heart development.Successful looping is essential for proper alignment of the future cardiac chambers and tracts. As aberrant looping results in various congenital heart diseases, the mechanisms of cardiac looping have been studied for several decades by various disciplines. Many groups have studied anatomy, biology, genetics, and mechanical processes during heart looping, and have proposed multiple mechanisms. Computational modeling approaches have been utilized to examine the proposed mechanisms of the looping process. Still, the exact underlying mechanism(s) controlling the looping phase remain poorly understood.Although further experimental measurements are obviously still required, the need for more integrative computational modeling approaches is also apparent in order to make sense of the vast amount of experimental data and the complexity of multiscale developmental systems. Indeed, there needs to be an iterative interaction between experimentation and modeling in order to properly find the gap in the existing data and to validate proposed hypotheses.

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Section: Genetic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Early Heart Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Early Heart Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An integrative multiscale view of early cardiac looping

Ebrahimi

Bradley

Hunter

2021

WIREs Mechanisms of Disease

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“…The C-looped heart then transforms into an S-shaped tube through further rotational configuration changes. The looping phase is followed by cardiac septation and valve formation, giving rise to a four-chambered heart ( Gruber et al., 2012 ; Männer, 2000 ). Normal looping is essential for the proper alignment of the future cardiac chambers and for inflow and outflow tracts with respect to each other ( Olson and Srivastava, 1996 ; Harvey, 1998 ; Männer, 2009 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A method for investigating spatiotemporal growth patterns at cell and tissue levels during C-looping in the embryonic chick heart

et al. 2022

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“…Interestingly, neural crest cells are both essential in arch development and present at the junctures of the leaflet commissures as the semilunar valves develop. 14 A number of recent studies suggest that alterations in aortic haemodynamics may play an important role in BAV-related aortopathy. 15 -19 While the familial association of BAV with aortopathy has been well described, few studies have addressed aortopathy in BAV relatives with normal, trileaflet aortic valves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered aortic shape in bicuspid aortic valve relatives influences blood flow patterns

Schnell

Smith²,

Barker

et al. 2016

Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging

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AimsBicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is known to exhibit familial inheritance and is associated with aortopathy and altered aortic haemodynamics. However, it remains unclear whether BAV-related aortopathy can be inherited independently of valve morphology. Methods and resultsFour-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging for the in vivo assessment of thoracic aortic 3D blood flow was performed in 24 BAV relatives with trileaflet aortic valves (age ¼ 40 + 14 years) and 15 healthy controls (age ¼ 37 + 10 years). Data analysis included aortic dimensions, shape (round/gothic/cubic), and 3D blood flow characteristics (semiquantitative vortex/helix grading and peak velocities). Cubic and gothic aortic shapes were markedly more prevalent in BAV relatives compared with controls (38 vs. 7%). Ascending aorta (AAo) vortex flow in BAV relatives was significantly increased compared with controls (grading ¼ 1.5 + 1.0 vs. 0.6 + 0.9, P ¼ 0.015). Aortic haemodynamics were influenced by aortic shape: peak velocities were reduced for gothic aortas vs. round aortas (P ¼ 0.003); vortex flow was increased for cubic aortas in the AAo (P , 0.001) and aortic arch (P ¼ 0.004); vortex and helix flows were elevated for gothic aortas in the AAo and descending aorta (P ¼ 0.003, P ¼ 0.029). Logistic regression demonstrated significant associations of shape with severity of vortex flow in AAo (P , 0.001) and aortic arch (P ¼ 0.016) in BAV relatives. ConclusionBAV relatives expressed altered aortic shape and increased vortex flow despite the absence of valvular disease or aortic dilatation. These data suggest a heritable component of BAV-related aortopathy affecting aortic shape and aberrant blood flow, independent of valve morphology.--

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Development of the Heart and Great Vessels

Cited by 5 publications

References 159 publications

An integrative multiscale view of early cardiac looping

An integrative multiscale view of early cardiac looping

A method for investigating spatiotemporal growth patterns at cell and tissue levels during C-looping in the embryonic chick heart

Altered aortic shape in bicuspid aortic valve relatives influences blood flow patterns

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